scholarly journals Salivary cortisol in healthy dogs: a randomized cross-over study to evaluate different saliva stimulation methods and their effects on saliva volume and cortisol concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Solène Meunier ◽  
Michael Groessl ◽  
Claudia Reusch ◽  
Felicitas Boretti ◽  
Nadja Sieber-Ruckstuhl
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Saliva Sample ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cotton Swab ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background Salivary cortisol collected at home is a useful test to diagnose and monitor Cushing’s syndrome in humans. The main problem in dogs is to retrieve a sufficient amount of saliva. The aim of this study was to evaluate different salivary collection methods and compare their effects on volume, pH and cortisol concentration of saliva. Sixteen healthy Beagles were used in a 4 × 4 randomized crossover study with a washout period of 1 week between each of the following collection methods: 1. Salimetrics® cotton swab dipped in ginger powder (ginger group); 2. beef-flavored Salimetrics® (bouillon group); 3. Salivette® cotton swab with an enclosed treat (treat group); 4. plain Salimetrics® (control group). First, baseline saliva (plain cotton swab, S0) and, 2 min later, experimental saliva (according to group allocation above, SExp) were collected. Saliva was gathered by holding the swabs in the animal’s mouth for 2 min. After the cross-over study, another saliva sample was collected from all dogs by the ginger method, using a 30 s sampling time (30s-ginger method). Cortisol concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results All three stimulation methods increased saliva production significantly (S0 compared to SExp: ginger p = 0.0005; bouillon p = 0.009; treat p = 0.007). Only ginger stimulation, however, generated a significantly higher amount of saliva (SExp) compared to the control group (p = 0.00001; median (range) amount of saliva for SExp: ginger 1200 ul (600–1700), bouillon 650 ul (200–1900), treat 700 ul (300–1000), control 400 ul (0–1100)). The amount of saliva retrieved by the 30s-ginger method was still higher than that from the control group (p = 0.0004). Bouillon and treat stimulation led to decreased pH values (bouillon, p = 0.0028; treat, 0.0018). Excitement was higher in the ginger group (p = 0.01). Chewing was intensified in the ginger and treat group (ginger, p = 0.003; treat, 0.0009). The cortisol concentration SExp was higher compared to that of S0 in the ginger and treat group (p = 0.02, 0.003). The experimental cortisol concentrations (SExp) were not different between groups. Conclusions The 30s-ginger method could prove useful in evaluating or monitoring dogs with Cushing’s syndrome, as sampling at home for 30 s by the owner seems feasible.

CORRELATION BETWEEN SALIVARY CORTISOL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS INDICATORS DURING A DRIVING COURSE

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-266
Author(s):  
Martyna Siudak ◽  
Marta Zietek ◽  
Anna Tober-Marczewska ◽  
Elżbieta Sideris ◽  
Artur Swiergiel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Saliva Sample ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Course Changes

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of stress of a practical, thirty-hour driving course on changes in salivary cortisol concentration and on changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The second objective was to determine the relation between the style of coping with stress (psychological indicator) and changes in the assessed biological parameters. All volunteers aged 18-30 years completed the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) before the start of the course. They were divided into control (n=15) and experimental (n=18) groups. In the experimental group saliva samples to measure cortisol were collected from each participant: before the start of the course, before the 1st, 13th and 28th driving hour, and blood pressure was measured before the course, during the 15th and 30th hour of the course. Participants in the control group had one saliva sample taken and their blood pressure was measured once at the same time. The results suggest that cortisol concentration in saliva correlates with the hour of the course. Systolic and diastolic pressure also correlates with the hour of the course. CISS test related differences among the individuals in copying with stress (sex as well as age-related) but they did not correlate with the cortisol and blood pressure responses. A driving course is a stress factor that causes changes in salivary cortisol concentration and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The style of coping with stress does not correlate with changes in the salivary cortisol concentration during the course. Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the driving course do not depend on the way of coping with stress.

Unpredictable hypersecretion of cortisol in Cushing's disease: detection by daily salivary cortisol measurements

1993 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 428-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ad R Hermus ◽  
Gerlach F Pieters ◽  
George F Borm ◽  
Albert A Verhofstad ◽  
Anthony G Smals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Urinary Cortisol ◽  
Urinary Cortisol Excretion ◽  
Cortisol Excretion ◽  
At Home

A 70-year-old man with mild signs and symptoms of Cushing's syndrome due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is described. He had a completely unpredictable pattern of urinary excretion of cortisol; 24 h urine for determination of cortisol excretion was collected daily at home on 725 consecutive days. During this period there were eight episodes in which urinary cortisol excretion exceeded the upper limit of normal. Within these episodes the pattern of cortisol secretion was extremely unpredictable, with cortisol excretion ranging from normal to highly elevated. Using a Cluster Analysis Program 61 pulses of cortisol excretion were detected within the eight periods of cortisol hypersecretion. The interval between two pulses varied from 2 to 12 days. Between the periods of cortisol hypersecretion, urinary cortisol excretion was completely normal, lasting from 4 to 102 days. There was no difference in the clinical expression of Cushing's syndrome between the periods of elevated and normal urinary cortisol excretion. During the last 439 days of the observation, cortisol was also measured in saliva collected at home at 09.00 after an overnight fast. The salivary cortisol pattern closely resembled that of urinary cortisol excretion and there was a significant correlation between salivary cortisol levels and 24 h urinary cortisol excretion in the 24 h after (r=0.42, p<0.0001, Spearman) and before saliva collection (r = 0.44, p<0.0001). On 71% of occasions cortisol peaks in saliva, as detected by the Cluster Analysis Program, coincided with urinary cortisol peaks. We conclude that daily measurement of cortisol in saliva, collected at home, is a convenient and reliable method for detecting intermittent hypercortisolism in patients with Cushing's syndrome.

scholarly journals Reduction in Salivary Cortisol Concentration Correlates with Resolution of Psychosis in Cushing’s Syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Myhill ◽  
Brett A. Sillars ◽  
Sergio Starkstein ◽  
Tibor Annus ◽  
Bu B. Yeap
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Cortisol Concentration

Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. E4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Bansal ◽  
Nadine El Asmar ◽  
Warren R. Selman ◽  
Baha M. Arafah
Keyword(s):  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Late Night Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Free Cortisol

Despite many recent advances, the management of patients with Cushing's disease continues to be challenging. Cushing's syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder that is a result of excess glucocorticoids. Excluding the exogenous causes, adrenocorticotropic hormone–secreting pituitary adenomas account for nearly 70% of all cases of Cushing's syndrome. The suspicion, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis require a logical systematic approach with attention paid to key details at each investigational step. A diagnosis of endogenous Cushing's syndrome is usually suspected in patients with clinical symptoms and confirmed by using multiple biochemical tests. Each of the biochemical tests used to establish the diagnosis has limitations that need to be considered for proper interpretation. Although some tests determine the total daily urinary excretion of cortisol, many others rely on measurements of serum cortisol at baseline and after stimulation (e.g., after corticotropin-releasing hormone) or suppression (e.g., dexamethasone) with agents that influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Other tests (e.g., measurements of late-night salivary cortisol concentration) rely on alterations in the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion. Because more than 90% of the cortisol in the circulation is protein bound, any alteration in the binding proteins (transcortin and albumin) will automatically influence the measured level and confound the interpretation of stimulation and suppression data, which are the basis for establishing the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Although measuring late-night salivary cortisol seems to be an excellent initial test for hypercortisolism, it may be confounded by poor sampling methods and contamination. Measurements of 24-hour urinary free-cortisol excretion could be misleading in the presence of some pathological and physiological conditions. Dexamethasone suppression tests can be affected by illnesses that alter the absorption of the drug (e.g., malabsorption, celiac disease) and by the concurrent use of medications that interfere with its metabolism (e.g., inducers and inhibitors of the P450 enzyme system). In this review, the authors aim to review the pitfalls commonly encountered in the workup of patients suspected to have hypercortisolism. The optimal diagnosis and therapy for patients with Cushing's disease require the thorough and close coordination and involvement of all members of the management team.

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