Metabolic liver function measured in vivo by dynamic 18F-FDGal PET/CT without arterial blood sampling

Isoflurane (ISO) is a commonly used anesthetic that offers rapid recovery for laboratory animal research. Initial studies indicated no difference in arterial Pco2 ([Formula: see text]) or pH between conscious (NO ISO) and 1% ISO-exposed CD-1 mice. Our laboratory investigated whether arterial blood sampling with 1% ISO is a suitable alternative to NO ISO sampling for monitoring ventilation in a commonly studied mouse strain. We hypothesized similar blood chemistry, breathing patterns, and cardiovascular responses with NO ISO and 1% ISO. C57BL/6J mice underwent unrestrained barometric plethysmography to quantify the pattern of breathing. Mice exposed to hypoxic and hypercapnic gas under 1% ISO displayed blunted responses; with air, there were no breathing differences. Blood pressure and heart rate were not different between NO ISO and 1% ISO-exposed mice breathing air. Oxygen saturation was not different between groups receiving 2% ISO, 1% ISO, or air. Breathing frequency stabilized at ~11 min of 1% ISO following 2% ISO exposure, suggesting that 11 min is the optimal time for a sample in C57BL/6J mice. Blood samples at 1% ISO and NO ISO revealed no differences in blood pH and [Formula: see text] in C57BL/6J mice. Overall, this method reveals similar arterial blood sampling values in awake and 1% ISO CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice exposed to air. Although this protocol may be appropriate in other mouse strains when a conscious sample is not feasible, caution is warranted first to identify breathing frequency responses at 1% ISO to tailor the protocol. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Conscious arterial blood sampling is influenced by extraneous factors and is a challenging method due to the small size of mice. Through a series of experiments, we show that arterial blood sampling with 1% isoflurane (ISO) is an alternative to awake sampling in C57BL/6J and CD-1 male mice breathing air. Monitoring breathing frequency during 1% ISO is important to the protocol and should be closely followed to confirm adequate recovery after the catheter implantation.

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Arterial blood sampling and cannulation

Acute Medicine - A Practical Guide to the Management of Medical Emergencies, 5th Edition ◽

10.1002/9781119389613.ch117 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 673-676

Author(s):

David Garry

Keyword(s):

Blood Sampling ◽

Arterial Blood Sampling ◽

Arterial Blood

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The Otoscope as a Transilluminator

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.66.2.328 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 328-328

Author(s):

Naoki Uga ◽

Yoichi Kondo

Keyword(s):

Blood Sampling ◽

Arterial Blood Sampling ◽

Posterior Tibial ◽

Limited Space ◽

Premature Babies ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Tibial Arteries ◽

Dark Room

We read with great interest the article by Dr Wall in the June 1977 issue reporting arterial blood sampling by transilluminator. However, sometimes it is very cumbersome to do arterial blood samplings or cannulation using the transilluminator in a limited space such as the neonatal incubator. We have found that the bright otoscope (Welch Allyn model no. 25000) without ear piece works out efficiently to locate radial, ulnar, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial arteries in premature babies in a dark room.

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Non-Negative Matrix Factorization Based Input Function Extraction for Mouse Imaging in Small Animal PET ? Comparison with Arterial Blood Sampling and Factor Analysis

Journal of Molecular Imaging & Dynamics ◽

10.4172/2155-9937.1000108 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 02 (02) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dominik Schulz

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Matrix Factorization ◽

Small Animal ◽

Input Function ◽

Blood Sampling ◽

Small Animal Pet ◽

Arterial Blood Sampling ◽

Mouse Imaging ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Non Negative Matrix Factorization

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Arterial Blood Sampling in Small Infants

Acta Paediatrica ◽

10.1111/j.1651-2227.1964.tb07232.x ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 237-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

AGNETE THOMSEN

Keyword(s):

Blood Sampling ◽

Arterial Blood Sampling ◽

Arterial Blood

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Kinetic Analysis of [11C]MP4A Using a High-Radioactivity Brain Region That Represents an Integrated Input Function for Measurement of Cerebral Acetylcholinesterase Activity without Arterial Blood Sampling

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1097/00004647-200111000-00011 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 21 (11) ◽

pp. 1354-1366 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Shin-Ichiro Nagatsuka ◽

Kiyoshi Fukushi ◽

Hitoshi Shinotoh ◽

Hiroki Namba ◽

Masaomi Iyo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Analysis ◽

Least Squares ◽

Ache Activity ◽

Input Function ◽

Blood Sampling ◽

Linear Least Squares ◽

Reference Tissue ◽

Arterial Blood Sampling ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

The Brain

N-[11C]methylpiperidin-4-yl acetate ([11C]MP4A) is an acetylcholine analog. It has been used successfully for the quantitative measurement of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the human brain with positron emission tomography (PET). [11C]MP4A is specifically hydrolyzed by AChE in the brain to a hydrophilic metabolite, which is irreversibly trapped locally in the brain. The authors propose a new method of kinetic analysis of brain AChE activity by PET without arterial blood sampling, that is, reference tissue-based linear least squares (RLS) analysis. In this method, cerebellum or striatum is used as a reference tissue. These regions, because of their high AChE activity, act as a biologic integrator of plasma input function during PET scanning, when regional metabolic rates of [11C]MP4A through AChE (k3; an AChE index) are calculated by using Blomqvist's linear least squares analysis. Computer simulation studies showed that RLS analysis yielded k3 with almost the same accuracy as the standard nonlinear least squares (NLS) analysis in brain regions with low (such as neocortex and hippocampus) and moderately high (thalamus) k3 values. The authors then applied these methods to [11C]MP4A PET data in 12 healthy subjects and 26 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) using the cerebellum as the reference region. There was a highly significant linear correlation in regional k3 estimates between RLS and NLS analyses (456 cerebral regions, [RLS k3] = 0.98 × [NLS k3], r = 0.92, P < 0.001). Significant reductions were observed in k3 estimates of frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and sensorimotor cerebral neocortices ( P < 0.001, single-tailed t-test), and hippocampus ( P = 0.012) in patients with AD as compared with controls when using RLS analysis. Mean reductions (19.6%) Fin these 6 regions by RLS were almost the same as those by NLS analysis (20.5%). The sensitivity of RLS analysis for detecting cortical regions with abnormally low k3 in the 26 patients with AD (138 of 312 regions, 44%) was somewhat less than NLS analysis (52%), but was greater than shape analysis (33%), another method of [11C]MP4A kinetic analysis without blood sampling. The authors conclude that RLS analysis is practical and useful for routine analysis of clinical [11C]MP4A studies.

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