scholarly journals Concerns about the misleading conclusions regarding estimation of the net energy value of soybean meal relative to corn using the caloric efficiency approach in pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Zhongchao Li ◽  
Ling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractApart from energy balance trials such as calorimetry, growth trials could also be used to estimate the energy values of feed ingredients with caloric efficiency as an indicator. Recent work used such methods reported greater net energy (NE) value of soybean meal (SBM) relative to corn in nursery pigs. We theoretically compared the NE values of SBM and corn according to the definition of NE and properties of the major chemical compositions in each ingredient. Meanwhile, we thoroughly examined the diet formulations and related analysis used in this work and compared this study with some peer works. We found that this study may suffer from problems with experimental design, reference citation, and data interpretation. In summary, the conclusion from the recent work that the SBM NE value may be greater than the corn NE value is likely to be erroneous.

31 Using Caloric Efficiency to Estimate the Energy Value of Expelled, Extruded Soybean Meal Relative to Dehulled, Solvent-extracted Soybean Meal and Its Effects on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 27-28
Author(s):  
Allison K Blomme ◽  
Haley Wecker ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Chad B Paulk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract This study aimed to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and lysine for the SBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00% while the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, 2.99% respectively. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 200 x 400) were placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed common diets for 21 days. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SBM in the diet (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). All diets were fed for 28 days and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for lysine:amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SBM diet was formulated to 2421 kcal/kg and net energy (NE) was not balanced between diets. Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P < 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. In conclusion, using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 123% of SBM NE or 2566 kcal/kg. This increase in NE resulted in improved feed efficiency of nursery pigs.

scholarly journals Using caloric efficiency to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal and its effects on growth performance of nursery pigs

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
A K Blomme ◽  
H K Wecker ◽  
M D Tokach ◽  
J C Woodworth ◽  
C R Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
A Value ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract This study aimed to estimate the net energy (NE) value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 241 x 600) were weaned (BW 5.10 kg) and placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed a common diet for 21 days. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SSBM in the diet (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). All diets were fed for 28 days and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SSBM diet was formulated to 2,421 kcal/kg and NE was not balanced between diets. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and total lysine for the SSBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00% while the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, and 2.99% respectively. The MSBM had increased values for KOH solubility and trypsin inhibitor (83.62% and 7,026 TIU/g) compared to the SSBM (73.05% and 3,011 TIU/g) while urease activity was similar between the two (0.03 and 0.02 Δ pH, respectively). Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P < 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. Using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SSBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 2,566 kcal/kg. In conclusion, MSBM contains approximately 123% of the energy of SSBM, which improved feed efficiency when fed to nursery pigs.

scholarly journals Estimating the Net Energy Value of Expelled, Extruded Soybean Meal When Fed to Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison K. Blomme ◽  
Haley K. Wecker ◽  
Mike D. Tokach ◽  
Jason C. Woodworth ◽  
Charles R. Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Net Energy Value

scholarly journals Estimating the Net Energy Value of Expelled, Extruded Soybean Meal When Fed to Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison K. Blomme ◽  
Haley K. Wecker ◽  
Mike D. Tokach ◽  
Jason C. Woodworth ◽  
Charles R. Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Net Energy Value

scholarly journals 263 Effects of soybean meal level on growth performance of 11- to 25-kg nursery pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 87-88
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Caloric Efficiency ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) in diets with or without 25% DDGS on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of SBM (27.5, 32.5, or 37.5%) and DDGS (0 or 25%). A total of 296, 2,502, 4,118, and 711 pigs, initially 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, and 12.3 kg, were used and there were 10, 16, 13, and 12 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect and treatment as fixed effect. The average cull rate was 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, and 0% and the mortality rate was 0.7, 0.3, 0.4, and 0% in Exp. 1 to 4, respectively. There were interactions (P ≤ 0.039) between SBM and DDGS for G:F and CE in Exp. 2 and for ADG and ADFI in Exp. 3. These were mostly driven by increasing SBM negatively affecting performance in a greater magnitude when diets contained DDGS compared to diets without DDGS. The main effects of DDGS and SBM were more consistent across experiments. Pigs fed diets with 25% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG and ADFI in all experiments as well as poorer (P ≤ 0.028) G:F and CE except for Exp. 3. Feeding increasing amounts of SBM generally did not result in any major impact in ADG, but consistently improved (linear, P ≤ 0.078) G:F and CE across experiments. The mechanism for this response is unclear but could be driven by intrinsic components of SBM or underestimating the energy value of SBM.

scholarly journals 155 Effects of soybean meal level and distillers dried grains with solubles inclusion on growth performance of late nursery pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 88-89
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Aaron M Gaines ◽  
Brent W Ratliff ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Treatment Experiment ◽  
Feeding Diets

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) level in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,064 and 1,011 pigs (PIC 280×1050; initially 10.5 ± 0.36 and 10.9 ± 0.22 kg) were used in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, with 21 to 27 pigs per pen. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicates per treatment per experiment. Treatments 1 to 3 were diets with 23% DDGS and 21, 27, or 35% SBM. Treatments 4 and 5 were corn-SBM diets with 27 or 35% SBM. Diets were balanced to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and 2,606 kcal of net energy/kg. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and block as random effect. There was no evidence for treatment × experiment interactions, thus data from both trials were combined. Feeding diets with 23% DDGS decreased (P = 0.033) ADFI and improved (P = 0.033) G:F compared to corn-SBM diets, which may indicate underestimation of DDGS net energy. When analyzed as a factorial with or without DDGS, pigs fed diets with 35% SBM had a tendency (P = 0.052) for increased ADG and improved (P = 0.001) G:F compared with diets with pigs fed 27% SBM. As SBM increased from 21 to 35% in diets with DDGS, ADG (linear, P = 0.001) and G:F (quadratic, P = 0.007) improved. In summary, feeding diets with increasing SBM improved growth performance in late nursery pigs.

Net energy value of canola meal, field pea, and wheat millrun fed to growing-finishing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Woyengo ◽  
R T Zijlstra
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Net Energy Value

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to (1) determine NE values of soybean meal (SBM), Napus canola meal (NCM), Juncea canola meal (JCM), field pea, and wheat millrun (WM) using indirect calorimetry, and (2) compare the determined NE values with the calculated NE values of the same feedstuffs based on a prediction equation. In Experiment 1, 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (31 kg) were fed 5 diets in 5 × 6 Youden square to give 6 replicates per diet. Diets were cornstarch-based diets containing soybean meal (SBM), NCM, JCM, field pea, or WM. The SBM was included as a reference. In Experiment 2, 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (70 kg) were fed a N-free diet for determining energy digestibility and NE values of test feedstuffs fed in Experiment 1 by difference method. The NE values of test feedstuffs were also calculated from the DE values and analyzed macronutrient content of the test feedstuffs (NRC, 2012). On DM basis, SBM, NCM, JCM, field pea, and WM contained 51, 41, 42, 28, and 18% CP; 1.52, 2.95, 2.36, 1.33, and 3.12% ether extract; 2.93, 0.14, 1.44; 36.7, and 28.7% starch; and 5.30, 21.0, 13.4, 9.49, and 16.1% ADF, respectively. The determined NE value for SBM (2.29 Mcal/kg) did not differ from that of NCM (1.72 Mcal/kg DM) or JCM (2.14 Mcal/kg DM). The NCM and JCM did not differ in NE value. Also, the determined NE value did not differ between field pea (2.00 Mcal/kg) and WM (2.55 Mcal/kg). The calculated NE values for SBM (2.18 Mcal/kg DM), NCM (1.73 Mcal/kg DM), and JCM (1.86 Mcal/kg DM) did not differ from the corresponding determined NE values of the same feedstuffs. However, the calculated NE value for field pea (2.51 Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.004) than the determined NE value of field pea, whereas the calculated NE value for WM (2.27 Mcal/kg DM) tended to be lower (P = 0.054) than the determined NE value of WM. In conclusion, the NE value for SBM and canola meals can be predicted based on the DE value and the macronutrient composition of the same feedstuffs. However, the NE value for field pea and WM may not be predicted precisely based on the DE value and the macronutrient composition of the same feedstuffs.

PSIII-18 Super Dose Phytase and Carbohydrase Cocktail Enhance Ileal Nutrient and Energy Digestibility of Corn-soybean Diets in Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 176-176
Author(s):  
B V Le Thanh ◽  
J R R Bergstrom ◽  
J D Hahn ◽  
L F Wang ◽  
E Beltranena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Feed Enzymes

Abstract Feed enzymes may ameliorate reduced nutrient and energy digestibility in nursery pigs. The objective was to test effects of super-dosing phytase and fiber-degrading enzymes on digestibility of DM, GE, CP, AA, and Ca. We tested supplementing a super dose (added 1,500 FYT/kg) of phytase (Ronozyme Hi-Phos) with or without carbohydrase cocktail that contained 85 FXU β-xylanase/kg, 587 U/g endo-1,4-β-glucanase, 513 U/g endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, 15,000 U/g hemicellulases, and 3,000 U/g pectinases in corn-soybean meal diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets included 68% corn, 17% SBM, and a basal level of 500 FTU/kg of phytase, and were formulated to contain 2.50 Mcal/kg NE and 5.10 gSID Lys/Mcal NE. Eight ileal-cannulated nursery pigs (initial BW 10 kg) were fed 4 diets at 3.0 × maintenance DE (110 kcal per kg of BW0.75) for four 9-day periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was calculated as apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) minus apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Interactions between super-dosing phytase and carbohydrase cocktail were observed. Supplementing either carbohydrase cocktail or super dose phytase, but not their combination, increased (P < 0.05) diet AID of DM, GE, CP, and most AA by 4–5%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase increased (P < 0.05) AID of P by 16%-units and ATTD of P by 10%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail did not affect AID of Ca and ATTD of GE, CP, and Ca, and diet DE value. Supplementing carbohydrase cocktail without super dose phytase decreased (P < 0.05) diet AHF of DM, GE, and CP. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail increased ileal digestibility of nutrients in nursery pigs, and thereby reduced protein entering the large intestine. Additive or synergistic effects of carbohydrase cocktail and super dose phytase were not detected.

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