Using caloric efficiency to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal and its effects on growth performance of nursery pigs

This study aimed to estimate the net energy (NE) value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 241 x 600) were weaned (BW 5.10 kg) and placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed a common diet for 21 days. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SSBM in the diet (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). All diets were fed for 28 days and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SSBM diet was formulated to 2,421 kcal/kg and NE was not balanced between diets. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and total lysine for the SSBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00% while the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, and 2.99% respectively. The MSBM had increased values for KOH solubility and trypsin inhibitor (83.62% and 7,026 TIU/g) compared to the SSBM (73.05% and 3,011 TIU/g) while urease activity was similar between the two (0.03 and 0.02 Δ pH, respectively). Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P < 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. Using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SSBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 2,566 kcal/kg. In conclusion, MSBM contains approximately 123% of the energy of SSBM, which improved feed efficiency when fed to nursery pigs.

Residual thermic effects of diet induced thermogenesis (RDIT) in aging lean and obese LA/Ntu1//-cp (corpulent) rats

Diet induced thermogenesis has been proposed to account for up to 15% of the caloric content of an ingested meal and to become decreased with aging and in obesity. Genetically obese rodents have been shown to exhibit impairments in the thermic responses to diet and environment, which may partially account for an improved caloric efficiency and to contribute to their increased propensity to become obese. In the present study we sought to determine the thermic responses to diet and environment in aging obese rats when young, middle aged, and aged. Resting oxygen consumption tended to decrease with advancing age and the thermic responses were lower than predicted in obese than in lean rats. This study provides important new insights regarding the thermogenic effects of diet and diet induced thermogenesis and their potential contributions to mechanisms of energy balance across the spectrum of aging in lean and obese LA/Ntul//-cp rats

31 Using Caloric Efficiency to Estimate the Energy Value of Expelled, Extruded Soybean Meal Relative to Dehulled, Solvent-extracted Soybean Meal and Its Effects on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

This study aimed to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and lysine for the SBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00% while the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, 2.99% respectively. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 200 x 400) were placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed common diets for 21 days. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SBM in the diet (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). All diets were fed for 28 days and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for lysine:amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SBM diet was formulated to 2421 kcal/kg and net energy (NE) was not balanced between diets. Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P < 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. In conclusion, using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 123% of SBM NE or 2566 kcal/kg. This increase in NE resulted in improved feed efficiency of nursery pigs.

PSIII-15 Effect of the Pelleting Process on Diet Formulations with Varying Levels of Crystalline AA and Reducing Sugars on Nursery Pig Growth Performance

A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200×400; initially 11.3 kg) were used in an 18-d study to determine the effect of pelleting diets with or without increased concentrations of free amino acids (AA) and reducing sugars (RS) on pig growth performance. There were 9 replications/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (mash vs. pellet), crystalline AA (low vs. high), and RS (low vs. high) provided by dried distillers grain with solubles and bakery meal included at 20% and 15%, respectively. Diets were pelleted to achieve a conditioning temperature of 86.7°C using a 22.4 kW pellet mill equipped with a 4.7 x 34.9-mm die. Data were analyzed as a CRD using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no 3-way interactions observed. For the main effect of feed form, ADFI decreased (P=0.001) and G:F and caloric efficiency improved (P=0.001) in pigs fed pelleted diets compared to mash diets. For the main effect of crystalline AA, pigs fed diets with high crystalline AA had increased (P< 0.024) ADFI compared to those fed diets with low crystalline AA. For the main effect of RS, pigs fed high RS diets had decreased (P< 0.041) ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency compared to those fed low RS. In conclusion, there was no evidence of interactions between treatments, indicating that increasing amounts of crystalline AA and RS did not influence the response to pelleted diets. Pigs fed the high RS diets had reduced feed intake which resulted in reduced gain and improved feed and caloric efficiency.

Effects of high-protein distillers dried grains on growth performance of nursery pigs

A total of 300 pigs (DNA 400 × 200, Columbus, NE), initially 11.1 kg, were used in a study to evaluate the effects of increasing amounts of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG) on growth performance and to estimate its energy value relative to corn. Pigs were weaned, placed in pens with 5 pigs each, and fed a common diet for 21 d after weaning. Then, pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 5 treatments with 12 replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% HP DDG, formulated by changing only the amounts of corn and feed-grade amino acids. Pigs were weighed weekly for 21 d to evaluate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). Caloric efficiency was obtained by multiplying ADFI by kcal of net energy (NE) per kg of diet and dividing by ADG. The NE values for corn and soybean meal were obtained from NRC (2012), and initial estimates for HP DDG NE were derived from the Noblet et al. (1994) equation. The energy of HP DDG was estimated based on caloric efficiency relative to the diet without HP DDG. Pigs fed diets with increasing HP DDG had a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG, ADFI, and final body weight. There was a tendency for a quadratic response (P = 0.051) in G:F, with the greatest G:F observed for pigs fed diets with 40% HP DDG. There was a linear reduction (P < 0.05) in caloric efficiency with increasing amounts of HP DDG, indicating the initial NE estimate of HP DDG was underestimated. The use of caloric efficiency to estimate the energy value of HP DDG presents several limitations. This approach assumes that the NE values of corn and soybean meal are accurate and does not take into account possible changes in body composition, which can influence the G:F response as leaner pigs are more efficient. In conclusion, increasing HP DDG in the diet linearly decreased ADG and ADFI. Using caloric efficiency to estimate energy content relative to corn, the HP DDG used in this study was estimated to be 97.3% of the energy value of corn. Direct or indirect calorimetry is needed to confirm this value.

Effects of aging, phenotype and carbohydrate feeding on caloric efficiency and adiposity in the LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rat

Obesity develops in the obese phenotype of the LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) specific pathogen-free rat strain by 5 to 6 weeks of age. Groups [n=12 -20 rats/phenotype] of female congenic lean and obese LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rats were fed ad libitum standardized Purina diets for 4, 14, or 24 months or the same diet plus a 16% (w/v) sucrose solution supplement from 12 weeks of age, and measures of body weight, caloric intake, and caloric efficiency (CE) determined at each age group. Body weights of lean animals remained similar at all ages studied, while body weights of obese phenotype were significantly greater than their lean littermates at each age studied. The sucrose supplement was without significant effect on final body weights in the lean phenotypes at all ages studied (p=n.s.) but were associated with greater body weights at ages 4, 14 and 24 months of age in the obese phenotype (p=<0.05). CE was determined as the ratio of kcal/gram of body weight per day remained relatively constant in lean animals throughout the age range, but CE was more efficient in the obese phenotype at all ages studied and became progressively more efficient with the sucrose supplement feeding with increasing age. The results of this study indicate that CE is associated with the predisposition for the development of obesity in the obese phenotype of this strain and likely implicates multiple metabolic factors that contribute to a greater efficiency of energy utilization and or energy conservation in the obese than in the lean phenotype of this strain, and the metabolic impact of added sucrose was associated with an additive impact on the CE of weight gain and adiposity in the obese phenotype of this congenic rodent strain

Concerns about the misleading conclusions regarding estimation of the net energy value of soybean meal relative to corn using the caloric efficiency approach in pigs

Apart from energy balance trials such as calorimetry, growth trials could also be used to estimate the energy values of feed ingredients with caloric efficiency as an indicator. Recent work used such methods reported greater net energy (NE) value of soybean meal (SBM) relative to corn in nursery pigs. We theoretically compared the NE values of SBM and corn according to the definition of NE and properties of the major chemical compositions in each ingredient. Meanwhile, we thoroughly examined the diet formulations and related analysis used in this work and compared this study with some peer works. We found that this study may suffer from problems with experimental design, reference citation, and data interpretation. In summary, the conclusion from the recent work that the SBM NE value may be greater than the corn NE value is likely to be erroneous.

263 Effects of soybean meal level on growth performance of 11- to 25-kg nursery pigs

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) in diets with or without 25% DDGS on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of SBM (27.5, 32.5, or 37.5%) and DDGS (0 or 25%). A total of 296, 2,502, 4,118, and 711 pigs, initially 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, and 12.3 kg, were used and there were 10, 16, 13, and 12 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect and treatment as fixed effect. The average cull rate was 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, and 0% and the mortality rate was 0.7, 0.3, 0.4, and 0% in Exp. 1 to 4, respectively. There were interactions (P ≤ 0.039) between SBM and DDGS for G:F and CE in Exp. 2 and for ADG and ADFI in Exp. 3. These were mostly driven by increasing SBM negatively affecting performance in a greater magnitude when diets contained DDGS compared to diets without DDGS. The main effects of DDGS and SBM were more consistent across experiments. Pigs fed diets with 25% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG and ADFI in all experiments as well as poorer (P ≤ 0.028) G:F and CE except for Exp. 3. Feeding increasing amounts of SBM generally did not result in any major impact in ADG, but consistently improved (linear, P ≤ 0.078) G:F and CE across experiments. The mechanism for this response is unclear but could be driven by intrinsic components of SBM or underestimating the energy value of SBM.

164 Evaluation of the energy value of soybean meal relative to corn based on growth performance of 11- to 22-kg pigs

A 21-d experiment was conducted to estimate the energy value of soybean meal (SBM) and determine the effects of increasing SBM on pig performance. A total of 2,233 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050), initially 11.0 kg, were placed in pens containing 20 to 27 pigs. Treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with BW as blocking factor. Dietary treatments consisted of 21, 27, 33, or 39% SBM obtained by changing the amount of feed-grade amino acids and corn. There were 23 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Cull pigs and mortality were evaluated daily. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was a tendency (P = 0.090) for a quadratic response for ADG, with a decrease in ADG observed with 39% SBM. There was a tendency (linear, P = 0.092) for a decrease in ADFI as SBM increased. Pigs fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.069) for an increase in G:F up to 33% SBM and an improvement (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.063) in CE with increasing SBM. There was no evidence for differences (P ≥ 0.457) in cull pigs and mortality. Using CE to estimate the energy of SBM relative to corn, a value of 105.4% of corn energy or 2,816 kcal/kg NE was determined using all data points. When removing the CE value of the 39% SBM treatment due to the quadratic tendency, SBM was estimated to have 121.1% of corn energy or 3,236 kcal/kg NE. The results suggest that feeding increasing levels of SBM improves G:F and CE. The energy value of SBM was estimated between 105 and 121% of corn, which is much greater than the NRC (2012) would suggest.