A pervasive Renewable Energy Source (RES) exploitation poses a wide range of issues to electric grids, which the enhancement of the electric grid flexibility may mitigate. There are several approaches to improve grid flexibility, and a significant help will come from efficient, reliable, durable and cheap electric storage technologies. Inevitably, different storage technologies will be needed since different power and energy spectra characterise RES issues. In the category of high capacity-to-power ratio technologies, Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (PTES) is becoming more and more popular. Such technology aims at replacing Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES), and it is suited for daily cyclic operation (load shifting). In this paper, a Brayton PTES with liquid sensible heat storages is studied. Compared to the standard system equipped with packed beds, the liquid heat storage allows for a more straightforward state of charge estimation, control and, potentially, for a better usage of storage volume. Through a parametric analysis involving the main design specifications, the system performance is assessed under realistic assumptions. The resulting figures provide an exhaustive characterisation of the performance achievable by the system, which may be useful for a fair comparison between PTES and other competing storage technologies.
Impact of Grid-Scale Electricity Storage and Electric Vehicles on Renewable Energy Penetration: A Case Study for Italy
