scholarly journals Impact of Grid-Scale Electricity Storage and Electric Vehicles on Renewable Energy Penetration: A Case Study for Italy

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bellocchi ◽  
Michele Manno ◽  
Michel Noussan ◽  
Michela Vellini
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Electricity Storage ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Electrochemical Storage ◽  
Power To Gas ◽  
Storage Technologies

Storage technologies are progressively emerging as a key measure to accommodate high shares of intermittent renewables with a view to guarantee their effective integration towards a profound decarbonisation of existing energy systems. This study aims to evaluate to what extent electricity storage can contribute to a significant renewable penetration by absorbing otherwise-curtailed renewable surplus and quantitatively defines the associated costs. Under a Smart Energy System perspective, a variety of future scenarios are defined for the Italian case based on a progressively increasing renewable and storage capacity feeding an ever-larger electrified demand mostly made up of electric vehicles and, to some extent, heat pumps and power-to-gas/liquid technologies. Results are compared in terms of crucial environmental and techno-economic indicators and discussed with respect to storage operating parameters. The outcome of this analysis reveals the remarkable role of electricity storage in increasing system flexibility and reducing, in the range 24–44%, the renewable capacity required to meet a given sustainability target. Nonetheless, such achievements become feasible only under relatively low investment and operating costs, condition that excludes electrochemical storage solutions and privileges low-cost alternatives that at present, however, exist only at a pilot or demonstration scale.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Cost of Heat Supply to Areas with Detached Houses—A Comparison of District Heating and Heat Pumps from an Energy System Perspective

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moa Swing Gustafsson ◽  
Jonn Myhren ◽  
Erik Dotzauer
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
System Life

There are different views on whether district heating (DH) or heat pumps (HPs) is or are the best heating solution in order to reach a 100% renewable energy system. This article investigates the economic perspective, by calculating and comparing the energy system life cycle cost (LCC) for the two solutions in areas with detached houses. The LCC is calculated using Monte Carlo simulation, where all input data is varied according to predefined probability distributions. In addition to the parameter variations, 16 different scenarios are evaluated regarding the main fuel for the DH, the percentage of combined heat and power (CHP), the DH temperature level, and the type of electrical backup power. Although HP is the case with the lowest LCC for most of the scenarios, there are alternatives for each scenario in which either HP or DH has the lowest LCC. In alternative scenarios with additional electricity transmission costs, and a marginal cost perspective regarding the CHP investment, DH has the lowest LCC overall, taking into account all scenarios. The study concludes that the decision based on energy system economy on whether DH should expand into areas with detached houses must take local conditions into consideration.

scholarly journals Energy/Exergy Conversion Factors of Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Heat Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Francke
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Useful Heat

Abstract From the system perspective, a geothermal heat plant is not only a source of heat, but, in case of liquid producing wells producing liquid brine, also a sink for relevant amounts of electricity, consumed mainly by the pump(s). This electricity demand is usually not given much attention, although being decisive for operation costs and offering chances for demand side management as a variable consumer. From the perspective of an integrated energy system, geothermal installations basically move energy from the electricity sector into the heat sector. So do electrical compression heat pumps, whose performance is rated by the COP, the ratio between useful heat and invested energy and useful heat, the COP. This study transfers the COP concept to geothermal sites, by defining and determining the energy conversion factor quantity (i.e. relative auxiliary energy or operating cost of heat provision expressed in electricity) for a selection of mostly German geothermal sites. Based on heterogenous data consisting of operational values for some sites and theoretical estimations for others, the calculated ε range from 12 to 116. In analogy, the concept is extended to the exergy conversion factor ζ, which is calculated to range from 1 to 36. A comparison with alternative heat provision technologies, such as heat pumps (COP ≤ 6) or simple electric heating (ε ≈ 1), quantifies the potential service geothermal plants can render to the grid by converting electrical energy into useful heat. This study aims at quantifying the potential benefit of geothermal plants on for the electric grid.

scholarly journals Energy/Exergy Conversion Factors of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Heat Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Francke
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Useful Heat

Abstract From the system perspective, a geothermal heat plant is not only a source of heat, but, in case of liquid producing wells producing liquid brine, also a sink for relevant amounts of electricity, consumed mainly by the pump(s). This electricity demand is usually not given much attention, although being decisive for operation costs and offering chances for demand side management as a variable consumer. From the perspective of an integrated energy system, geothermal installations basically move energy from the electricity sector into the heat sector. So do electrical compression heat pumps, whose performance is rated by the COP, the ratio between useful heat and invested energy and useful heat, the COP. This study transfers the COP concept to geothermal sites, by defining and determining the energy conversion factor quantity (i.e. relative auxiliary energy or operating cost of heat provision expressed in electricity) for a selection of mostly German geothermal sites. Based on heterogenous data consisting of operational values for some sites and theoretical estimations for others, the calculated ε range from 12 to 116. In analogy, the concept is extended to the exergy conversion factor ζ, which is calculated to range from 1 to 36. A comparison with alternative heat provision technologies, such as heat pumps (COP ≤ 6) or simple electric heating (ε ≈ 1), quantifies the potential service geothermal plants can render to the grid by converting electrical energy into useful heat. This study aims at quantifying the potential benefit of geothermal plants on for the electric grid.

Regulation of Electricity Storage, Intelligent Grids, and Clean Energies in an Open Market in Mexico

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Juan González Márquez ◽  
Margarita González Brambila
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Electricity Storage ◽  
Storage Technologies

This chapter analyses the role of electricity storage as an innovative strategy to attain the Mexican Government’s goals regarding carbon dioxide emission reduction and energy transition. The survey includes the analysis of the different electricity storage technologies as well as the legal framework governing electricity storage as the fifth link of the energy supply chain from a comparative perspective. The authors discuss whether energy storage is a generation or a distribution/transmission asset. The chapter also analyses Mexico’s experiences in energy storage and briefly describes the way it is regulated in other jurisdictions. Finally, the authors propose the regulation of energy storage as a separate licensed activity.

scholarly journals Investigation on Thermal Resistance and Capacitance Characteristics of a Highly Integrated Power Control Unit Module

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 958
Author(s):  
Maosheng Zhang ◽  
Yu Bai ◽  
Shu Yang ◽  
Kuang Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Power Control ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Liquid Cooling ◽  
Integration Density ◽  
Unit Module

With the increasing integration density of power control unit (PCU) modules, more functional power converter units are integrated into a single module for applications in electric vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs). Different types of power dies with different footprints are usually placed closely together. Due to the constraints from the placement of power dies and liquid cooling schemes, heat-flow paths from the junction to coolant are possibly inconsistent for power dies, resulting in different thermal resistance and capacitance (RC) characteristics of power dies. This presents a critical challenge for optimal liquid cooling at a low cost. In this paper, a highly integrated PCU module is developed for application in EVs/HEVs. The underlying mechanism of the inconsistent RC characteristics of power dies for the developed PCU module is revealed by experiments and simulations. It is found that the matching placement design of power dies with a heat sink structure and liquid cooler, as well as a liquid cooling scheme, can alleviate the inconsistent RC characteristics of power dies in highly integrated PCU modules. The findings in this paper provide valuable guidance for the design of highly integrated PCU modules.

scholarly journals To Represent Electric Vehicles in Electricity Systems Modelling—Aggregated Vehicle Representation vs. Individual Driving Profiles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Maria Taljegard ◽  
Lisa Göransson ◽  
Mikael Odenberger ◽  
Filip Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Home Location ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Storage Technologies

This study describes, applies, and compares three different approaches to integrate electric vehicles (EVs) in a cost-minimising electricity system investment model and a dispatch model. The approaches include both an aggregated vehicle representation and individual driving profiles of passenger EVs. The driving patterns of 426 randomly selected vehicles in Sweden were recorded between 30 and 73 days each and used as input to the electricity system model for the individual driving profiles. The main conclusion is that an aggregated vehicle representation gives similar results as when including individual driving profiles for most scenarios modelled. However, this study also concludes that it is important to represent the heterogeneity of individual driving profiles in electricity system optimisation models when: (i) charging infrastructure is limited to only the home location in regions with a high share of solar and wind power in the electricity system, and (ii) when addressing special research issues such as impact of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) on battery health status. An aggregated vehicle representation will, if the charging infrastructure is limited to only home location, over-estimate the V2G potential resulting in a higher share (up to 10 percentage points) of variable renewable electricity generation and an under-estimation of investments in both short- and long-term storage technologies.

scholarly journals A Method for Optimizing and Spatially Distributing Heating Systems by Coupling an Urban Energy Simulation Platform and an Energy System Model

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Annette Steingrube ◽  
Keyu Bao ◽  
Stefan Wieland ◽  
Andrés Lalama ◽  
Pithon M. Kabiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
District Heating ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Energy Simulation ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Optimal Amount ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Urban Energy ◽  
Building Level

District heating is seen as an important concept to decarbonize heating systems and meet climate mitigation goals. However, the decision related to where central heating is most viable is dependent on many different aspects, like heating densities or current heating structures. An urban energy simulation platform based on 3D building objects can improve the accuracy of energy demand calculation on building level, but lacks a system perspective. Energy system models help to find economically optimal solutions for entire energy systems, including the optimal amount of centrally supplied heat, but do not usually provide information on building level. Coupling both methods through a novel heating grid disaggregation algorithm, we propose a framework that does three things simultaneously: optimize energy systems that can comprise all demand sectors as well as sector coupling, assess the role of centralized heating in such optimized energy systems, and determine the layouts of supplying district heating grids with a spatial resolution on the street level. The algorithm is tested on two case studies; one, an urban city quarter, and the other, a rural town. In the urban city quarter, district heating is economically feasible in all scenarios. Using heat pumps in addition to CHPs increases the optimal amount of centrally supplied heat. In the rural quarter, central heat pumps guarantee the feasibility of district heating, while standalone CHPs are more expensive than decentral heating technologies.

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