Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is often characterized by continued reduction in blood flow supply to limbs. Advanced therapeutic strategies like gene therapy could potentially be applied to limb ischemia therapy. However, developing a gene delivery system with low toxicity and high efficiency remains a great challenge. In this study, a one-pot construction was used to integrate vector synthesis and polyplex fabrication simultaneously in a simple and robust manner. We fabricated an interpenetrating gene delivery network through the physical interaction between low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine (PEI 1.8 kDa) and plasmid DNA (pDNA) and the chemical bonding between PEI and glutaraldehyde (GA), which was named the glutaraldehydelinked-branched PEI (GPEI) polyplex. The final GPEI polyplex system was pH-responsive and biodegradable due to the imine linkage and it could successfully deliver desired vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pDNA. Compared with PEI (25 kDa)/pDNA polyplexes, GPEI polyplexes showed lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated that GPEI polyplexes could efficiently promote the formation of new capillaries in vivo, which may provide a practicable strategy for clinical hindlimb ischemia therapy in the future.
Low molecular weight protamine (LMWP) as nontoxic heparin/low molecular weight heparin antidote (II): In vitro evaluation of efficacy and toxicity
