The Regional Oxygen Saturation of Pituitary Adenomas Is Lower than That of the Pituitary Gland: Microspectrophotometric Study with Potential Clinical Implications

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 880-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf A. Kristof ◽  
Ales F. Aliashkevich ◽  
Volkmar Hans ◽  
Dorothee Haun ◽  
Bernhard Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Tissue ◽  
Adenoma Tissue ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe ◽  
Pituitary Macroadenomas

Abstract OBJECTIVE To study the regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) of pituitary adenomas, in comparison with that of the pituitary gland. METHODS Microspectrophotometric (MSP) measurements of rSO2 in adenomas and pituitary tissue were performed for a series of patients undergoing first-time transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery, in a standardized anesthesia setting. The areas of measured tissue were sampled for histopathological and immunohistochemical (CD34 and CD45) assessments. The results of MSP measurements were compared with the results of the histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments. RESULTS Thirty-six MSP measurements and tissue samples were obtained among 22 patients with pituitary macroadenomas, including 14 from adenoma tissue, 17 from the anterior pituitary lobe, and 5 from the posterior pituitary lobe. The rSO2 of adenoma tissue (mean ± standard deviation, 43.3 ± 23.2%) was statistically significantly (P = 0.001) lower than the values for the anterior pituitary lobe (mean ± standard deviation, 71.8 ± 18.3%) and posterior pituitary lobe (mean ± standard deviation, 74.9 ± 4.8%). The difference between the rSO2 values for the anterior pituitary lobe and posterior pituitary lobe was not significant. There were no statistically significant differences in microvessel density (as assessed with CD34 staining) or lymphocyte density (as assessed with CD45 staining) among the three tissue types. CONCLUSION As assessed with MSP measurements, the rSO2 of adenoma tissue was significantly lower than that of the pituitary gland, indicating differences in their blood supply and/or metabolism in pituitary macroadenomas. Further studies are needed to determine whether MSP measurements can reliably facilitate intraoperative delineation of adenoma and pituitary tissue, in the effort to achieve complete tumor removal with minimal injury to pituitary tissue.

Ectopic posterior pituitary tissue and paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 1 in twins

1995 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selma F Siegel ◽  
Mamdouha Ahdab-Barmada ◽  
Silva Arslanian ◽  
Thomas P Foley
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Paracentric Inversion ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Tissue ◽  
Ectopic Posterior Pituitary

Siegel SF, Ahdab-Barmada M, Arslanian S, Foley Jr TP. Ectopic posterior pituitary tissue and paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 1 in twins. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:87–92. ISSN 0804–4643 Twin boys with hypopituitarism, hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary gland, ectopic posterior pituitary tissue and paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 1 are described. The smooth appearance at the base of the median eminence and the absence of a pituitary stalk at autopsy in these boys implies that the hypopituitarism resulted from a developmental aberration. It remains to be determined if there is a causal relationship between the chromosome 1 anomaly and hypopituitarism. Selma F Siegel, Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

On the content of prolan in the pituitary gland

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 634-634
Author(s):  
P. Badul
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in a bull is free of prolan, while in a human it contains prolan. Only here it can be found in that part of the posterior pituitary lobe adjacent to the anterior lobe. In the bull, too, this part of the pituitary gland is completely free of prolan content. Histological examination shows that in humans, this part of the posterior lobe is crossed by bands of cells from the anterior lobe, which consist exclusively of basophilic cells.

Serotonergic Neurons and Neuroendocrine Function

Physiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
LD Van de Kar ◽  
MS Brownfield
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Renin Secretion ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Serotonergic Neurons ◽  
Neuroendocrine Function ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Gland

The release of serotonin (5-HT) from nerve terminals in the hypothalamus increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin from the anterior pituitary, vasopressin and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland, and renin secretion from the kidneys. Activation of 5-HT1 and/or 5-HT2 receptors stimulates the secretion of these hormones.

The endocrine system and vomiting in pregnant women

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1296-1296
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

The author notes in hyperemesis a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism and depletion of the liver in glycogen, which, in his opinion, is due to increased secretion of the posterior pituitary lobe. Normally, this secretion is regulated by hormones of the mammary gland, placenta, and corpus luteum. If these hormones are insufficient, hyperfunction of the pituitary gland with its consequences occurs.

scholarly journals Angiogenesis in Pituitary Adenomas and the Normal Pituitary Gland

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen E. Turner ◽  
Zsusha Nagy ◽  
Kevin C. Gatter ◽  
Margaret M. Esiri ◽  
Adrian L. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Normal Pituitary Gland ◽  
Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I ◽  
Acth Secreting ◽  
Tumor Types

Abstract Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth beyond a few millimeters in diameter, and the intratumoral microvessel count that represents a measure of angiogenesis has been correlated with tumor behavior in a variety of different tumor types. To date no systematic study has assessed pituitary tumors of different secretory types, correlating vascular count with tumor size. The vascular densities of pituitary tumors and normal anterior pituitary were therefore assessed by counting vessels labeled using the vascular markers CD31 and ulex europaeus agglutinin I. One hundred and twelve surgically removed pituitary adenomas (30 GH-secreting, 25 prolactinomas, 15 ACTH-secreting, and 42 nonfunctioning tumors) were compared with 13 specimens of normal anterior pituitary gland. The vascular counts in the normal anterior pituitary gland were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the tumors using both CD31 and ulex europaeus agglutinin I. In addition, microprolactinomas were significantly less vascular (P < 0.05) than macroprolactinomas, although there was no such difference between vascular densities of microadenomas and macroadenomas producing GH. ACTH-secreting tumors were, like microprolactinomas, of much lower vascular density than the normal pituitary and other secreting and nonsecreting tumor types. In marked contrast to other tumors, pituitary adenomas are less vascular than the normal pituitary gland, suggesting that there may be inhibitors of angiogenesis that play an important role in the behavior of these tumors.

HORMONAL HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM PITUITARY IMBALANCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hunter ◽  
R. E. Haist
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Blood Pressure Elevation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Intact Rats

The removal of the posterior part of the pituitary gland in the rat leads to an elevation in blood pressure. The production of an anterior–posterior pituitary imbalance in hypophysectomized animals by the administration of certain hormones of target glands influenced by the anterior pituitary (thyroxine, testosterone, cortisone (TTC)) also produces an increase in mean arterial blood pressure. In the intact animal, too, the administration of the hormones of the target organs (TTC) will lead to an elevation of blood pressure, and 1 week after the cessation of this treatment the blood pressure is as high or higher than at the end of the administration period. Administration of anterior pituitary hormones TSH, LH, and ACTH both in hypophysectomized and in intact rats also produced elevations in blood pressure. In two female dogs, administration of pituitary target-organ hormones (TTC) consistently produced an elevation of blood pressure associated with a direct effect of the injected hormones, followed by a depression of blood pressure below previous resting values after hormone withdrawal, presumably because of an associated inhibition of anterior pituitary effects. When certain hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are administered along with TTC, in both hypophysectomized and intact rats, the blood pressure elevation is not as great as with TTC alone, though, by themselves, the posterior pituitary factors caused some elevation in blood pressure. It is concluded that an imbalance between the influences of the anterior and posterior parts of the pituitary gland can lead to a significant elevation in blood pressure. It seems likely that, depending on the dose, the effects observed after the injection of the agent is discontinued may be due to persistence of the action of the agent or, in some instances, to inhibition of the activity of part of the pituitary gland.

Effect of stress on tissue and plasma levels of immunoreactive β-endorphin in ovariectomized rats primed with oestrogen and progesterone

1984 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Hulse ◽  
G. J. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Sesame Oil ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Neurointermediate Lobe ◽  
Pituitary Tissue

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oestrogen and progesterone on levels of immunoreactive β-endorphin (Ir-β-EP) in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, neurointermediate lobe and plasma under normal conditions and conditions of stress. The injection of oestrogen + progesterone into ovariectomized rats increased Ir-β-EP levels in extracts of anterior pituitary tissue and in plasma, under both normal and stressed conditions. Exposure to a stress reduced the content of anterior pituitary Ir-β-EP in ovariectomized rats treated with oestrogen + progesterone and also with sesame oil. Such treatment only resulted in increments in plasma Ir-β-EP in oil-treated but not in oestrogen + progesterone-treated overiectomized rats. It was concluded (1) that oestrogen and progesterone are involved in the regulation of resting levels of anterior pituitary Ir-β-EP during the rat oestrous cycle, (2) that stress reduces levels of anterior pituitary Ir-β-EP and (3) that increased levels of plasma oestrogen + progesterone inhibit plasma Ir-β-EP increments which normally accompany exposure to stress. J. Endocr. (1984) 100, 277–280

THE RELEASE OF CORTICOTROPHIN BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY TISSUE IN VITRO

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Saffran ◽  
A. V. Schally
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Test System ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Acetyl Choline ◽  
Pituitary Tissue ◽  
Hypothalamic Tissue ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Acth Release

The release of ACTH by rat anterior pituitary tissue in vitro was used as a test system for the detection of factors that stimulate ACTH-release. The results indicate that:1. Epinephrine or arterenol, added by themselves, are without effect.2. Hypothalamic tissue alone is also ineffective.3. The combination of hypothalamic tissue with epinephrine or arterenol increases the release of ACTH about threefold.4. Brain cortex can replace hypothalamus.5. Liver cannot replace neural tissue; acetyl choline and serotonin cannot replace epinephrine or arterenol.6. The greatest stimulation of ACTH-release (six- to eight-fold) occurs with posterior pituitary tissue plus arterenol. The arterenol may be replaced by hypothalamus or sphingosine, but not by dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine), which is structurally similar to arterenol.7. The posterior pituitary is probably involved in the response of the anterior pituitary–adrenocortical system to stress.

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