The endocrine system and vomiting in pregnant women

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1296-1296
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

The author notes in hyperemesis a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism and depletion of the liver in glycogen, which, in his opinion, is due to increased secretion of the posterior pituitary lobe. Normally, this secretion is regulated by hormones of the mammary gland, placenta, and corpus luteum. If these hormones are insufficient, hyperfunction of the pituitary gland with its consequences occurs.

On the content of prolan in the pituitary gland

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 634-634
Author(s):  
P. Badul
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in a bull is free of prolan, while in a human it contains prolan. Only here it can be found in that part of the posterior pituitary lobe adjacent to the anterior lobe. In the bull, too, this part of the pituitary gland is completely free of prolan content. Histological examination shows that in humans, this part of the posterior lobe is crossed by bands of cells from the anterior lobe, which consist exclusively of basophilic cells.

THE IN VITRO METABOLISM OF MAMMARY GLAND SLICES IN THE PRESENCE OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY LOBE EXTRACTS RICH IN MELANOPHORE-DISPERSING ACTIVITY

1957 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. BRADLEY ◽  
G. M. MITCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Gas Evolution ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

SUMMARY Slices cut from mammary glands of rats and mice during gestation and lactation were incubated in vitro in the presence of pig posterior pituitary lobe extracts rich in melanophore-dispersing ('B') activity. Slices taken in early lactation but not during gestation or late lactation showed increased net gas evolution compared with control slices. Similar tissue from rabbits and guinea-pigs did not give rise to this effect, nor did slices of other tissues taken from lactating rats. The increased net gas evolution was not observed in the absence of glucose from the incubation medium. Treatment of the 'B' extract with NaOH or hypophysectomy of the rats prior to use decreased the response.

The influence of the pituitary gland on the functions and development of the organism

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-243
Author(s):  
A. A. Sukhov
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Sella Turcica ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

The pituitary gland or gl. pituitaria is an organ lying at the base of the brain in a cavity formed by the sella turcica at the front, back, and bottom, and by the sinus venosus cavernosus dex. et sin. This entire cavity is lined by the dura mater, which covers it from above in the form of diaphragma sellae turcicae. Through its opening passes the infundibulum, which connects the pituitary gland in its posterior lobe with the brain. The cavity infundibuli, which is a recess of the bottom of the third ventricle, in some animal species (e.g., in dogs) passes as recessus infundibuli into the cavity of the posterior pituitary lobe (in humans this lobe has no cavity).

The Regional Oxygen Saturation of Pituitary Adenomas Is Lower than That of the Pituitary Gland: Microspectrophotometric Study with Potential Clinical Implications

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 880-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf A. Kristof ◽  
Ales F. Aliashkevich ◽  
Volkmar Hans ◽  
Dorothee Haun ◽  
Bernhard Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Tissue ◽  
Adenoma Tissue ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe ◽  
Pituitary Macroadenomas

Abstract OBJECTIVE To study the regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) of pituitary adenomas, in comparison with that of the pituitary gland. METHODS Microspectrophotometric (MSP) measurements of rSO2 in adenomas and pituitary tissue were performed for a series of patients undergoing first-time transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery, in a standardized anesthesia setting. The areas of measured tissue were sampled for histopathological and immunohistochemical (CD34 and CD45) assessments. The results of MSP measurements were compared with the results of the histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments. RESULTS Thirty-six MSP measurements and tissue samples were obtained among 22 patients with pituitary macroadenomas, including 14 from adenoma tissue, 17 from the anterior pituitary lobe, and 5 from the posterior pituitary lobe. The rSO2 of adenoma tissue (mean ± standard deviation, 43.3 ± 23.2%) was statistically significantly (P = 0.001) lower than the values for the anterior pituitary lobe (mean ± standard deviation, 71.8 ± 18.3%) and posterior pituitary lobe (mean ± standard deviation, 74.9 ± 4.8%). The difference between the rSO2 values for the anterior pituitary lobe and posterior pituitary lobe was not significant. There were no statistically significant differences in microvessel density (as assessed with CD34 staining) or lymphocyte density (as assessed with CD45 staining) among the three tissue types. CONCLUSION As assessed with MSP measurements, the rSO2 of adenoma tissue was significantly lower than that of the pituitary gland, indicating differences in their blood supply and/or metabolism in pituitary macroadenomas. Further studies are needed to determine whether MSP measurements can reliably facilitate intraoperative delineation of adenoma and pituitary tissue, in the effort to achieve complete tumor removal with minimal injury to pituitary tissue.

Hormonal augmentation of fertility in sheep: I. Induction of ovulation, superovulation and heat in sheep

1942 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hammond ◽  
J. Hammond ◽  
A. S. Parkes
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Sexual Receptivity ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Induction Of Ovulation

1. Gonadotrophic extracts of horse-pituitary gland, of pregnant mare serum and of urine of pregnant women, as well as oestrogenic substances, will induce ovulation in anoestrous sheep. The number of ova shed is apparently independent of the dosage given and lies within the normal range.2. The oestrogens probably act by evoking ovulation-producing activity on the part of the animal's own pituitary gland, and it is likely that the gonadotrophins also initiate the same chain of events by causing oestrogen secretion by the ovary.3. Oestrogens induce heat in the anoestrous sheep, but horse-pituitary extract and P.M.S. evoked sexual receptivity only in animals having a regressing corpus luteum. In the absence of a corpus luteum, ovulation occurs without heat, while the presence of an active corpus luteum usually suppresses both ovulation and heat.4. Administration of horse pituitary a few days before the corpus luteum is due to regress results in superovulation at the succeeding heat, as many as twelve simultaneous ovulations having been obtained under these conditions.

scholarly journals Idiopathic Central Diabetes Insipidus Is Associated with Abnormal Blood Supply to the Posterior Pituitary Gland Caused by Vascular Impairment of the Inferior Hypophyseal Artery System

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1891-1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Maghnie ◽  
Monica Altobelli ◽  
Natascia di Iorgi ◽  
Eugenio Genovese ◽  
Giulia Meloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Central Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Straight Sinus ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe

Abstract Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) has been linked to vascular central nervous system damage, although the pathophysiology of the mechanism has never been perfectly understood. Indeed, the vascular system of human pituitary gland has rarely been the subject of rigorous investigation except at postmortem. Recently, studies of pituitary gland blood supply have been carried out by means of a time evaluation of pituitary gland enhancement with noninvasive dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after contrast medium injection. In the present study, we decided to investigate the status of posterior pituitary blood supply by evaluating vascular pituitary patterns in a group of 19 patients with idiopathic CDI in whom previous standard MR imaging had failed to identify causal specific lesions. The control group was composed of 55 subjects with a median age of 12 yr (range, 4.2–17 yr) who had idiopathic isolated GH deficiency and normal pituitary morphology and 15 young adults (18–25 yr) who had normal pituitary gland and no endocrine dysfunction. Nineteen patients (12 females and seven males), ranging in age at the time of diagnosis of CDI from 0.5–14.9 yr (median, 5 yr), were examined with dynamic MR imaging between 1990 and 1997 at a median age of 14.1 yr (range, 5.0–26.3 yr). CDI was diagnosed according to clinical findings of polyuria and polydipsia, water deprivation test, and desmopressin acetate therapeutic trial. All of the patients had permanent CDI and were being treated with satisfactory results with desmopressin, two to three times daily, either intranasally or orally. The previous MR imaging findings of the 19 CDI patients had shown the absence of posterior pituitary hyperintensity, normal pituitary stalk, and normal anterior pituitary size. Enhancement of the straight sinus, representing a temporal reference point and occurring in normal subjects simultaneously to that of the posterior pituitary gland, was observed in all subjects after iv gadopentetate dimeglumine administration, with no substantial differences between patients and controls. However, the enhancement of the posterior pituitary lobe occurred simultaneously with the enhancement of the straight sinus in all of the controls but in only 14 of the 19 patients with CDI. In the remaining five patients, the enhancement of the straight sinus was not associated with the expected contrast enhancement of the posterior pituitary gland, suggesting abnormal blood supply to the posterior pituitary lobe. This is in keeping with vascular impairment of the inferior hypophyseal artery system and suggests that abnormal blood supply to the posterior pituitary gland is associated with what, until now, has been considered idiopathic CDI.

Melatonin Modulates Lactation by Regulating Prolactin Secretion Via Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons in the Hypothalamus- Pituitary System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 744-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Li ◽  
JingyaWei ◽  
Fengtao Ma ◽  
Qiang Shan ◽  
Duo Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

In-depth studies have identified many hormones important for controlling mammary growth and maintaining lactation. One of these is melatonin, which is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland to regulate circadian rhythms, improve antioxidant capacity, and enhance immunity. Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and is associated with the growth and development of mammary glands as well as initiation and maintenance of lactation. The hypothalamus-pituitary system, the most important endocrine system in the body, regulates prolactin secretion mainly through dopamine released from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. This review provides a reference for further study and describes the regulation of lactation and prolactin secretion by melatonin, primarily via the protection and stimulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.

Evaluation of Adrenal Cortical Function in Neonatal and Weanling Laboratory Beagle Dogs

2021 ◽  
pp. 019262332110094
Author(s):  
Janet M. Petruska ◽  
Maria Adamo ◽  
Jeffrey McCartney ◽  
Ahamat Aboulmali ◽  
Thomas J. Rosol
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Common Target ◽  
Adrenal Cortical Function

The most common target organ for toxicity in the endocrine system is the adrenal gland, and its function is dependent upon the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Histopathologic examination of the adrenal glands and pituitary gland is routinely performed in toxicity studies. However, the function of the adrenal gland is not routinely assessed in toxicity studies. Assessment of adrenal cortical function may be necessary to determine whether a histopathologic finding in the adrenal cortex results in a functional effect in the test species. As juvenile toxicity studies are more commonly performed in support of pediatric indications for pharmaceuticals, it is important to establish historical control data for adrenal gland function. In this study, adrenal cortical function was assessed in control neonatal and weanling beagle dogs as part of an ongoing juvenile toxicology program. Measurements of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol prior to and following administration of exogenous ACTH, and aldosterone were conducted beginning at 2 weeks of age continuing through 26 weeks of age. Serum electrolyte concentrations were determined at 4, 13, and 26 weeks of age. Dogs as young as 2 weeks of age synthesize and secrete adrenal cortical hormones and exhibit a functional hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis.

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