scholarly journals Nihil Terrenum, Nihilque Carnale in Ea: Matilda of Tuscany and Anselm of Lucca during the Investiture Controversy

Storicamente ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Guerri
Keyword(s):  
Investiture Controversy

scholarly journals CANOSSA CASTLE: THE IMPORTANCE OF A CRITIC AND AWARE PLAN OF INTERVENTIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND PREVENTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Ferrari ◽  
Marco Catellani ◽  
Elena Zanazzi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Reggio Emilia ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Current State ◽  
Intervention Plan ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region ◽  
Investiture Controversy

Fortified architecture is a widespread and peculiar typology in Italy as it represents an identifying element for communities and a reference point in the landscape. An imposing system of castles, dating back to the 11th century, characterises the area of Reggio Emilia, in the Emilia Romagna Region. Among these fortifications, Canossa Castle is an important and distinctive fortress. Built on the top of an isolated cliff, a particularly strategic and defensive point, it played a central role in the medieval European history. For instance, it was the scene of the well-known reconciliation between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, which ended the Investiture Controversy in 1077. The current state of ruins of  this fortress is due to both centuries of neglect and to recent incongruent interventions. Therefore, archival research, in-situ inspections and photogrammetric techniques were carried out on the case study of Canossa Castle, in order to analyse the numerous restoration yards that have followed one another on the fortress in the last century. Firstly, the lack of coordination between the different interventions emerged. Furthermore, it has been observed that the principles of restoration have been disregarded several times, with consequent damage to the archaeological remains. Therefore, the present study aims to underline the importance of a critical and aware intervention plan for the conservation and damage prevention of cultural heritage, considering the possible support of HBIM tools.

Gottschalk of Aachen, the Investiture Controversy, and Music for the Feast of the Divisio apostolorum

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael McGrade
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Biographical Sketch ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
Investiture Controversy

A figure unfamiliar to most musicologists, Gottschalk of Aachen was a late eleventh-century notary, cleric, polemicist, and composer who served in the chancellery of King Henry IV from 1071 to 1084. A twelfth-century necrology from the royal Marienkirche in Aachen records a donation by Gottschalk for the annual celebration of the feast of the Division of the Apostles, for which he composed a sequence and a sermon. This study reviews the issues that led to a war of words between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, and focuses on Gottschalk's important role in the controversies that divided church and state. It presents a biographical sketch of the royal apologist and a summary of his official and liturgical writings, and argues that the text and music of his sequence for the Division of the Apostles, understood in light of his sermon on the same theme, promote a highly controversial, royalist view of the medieval church.

Episcopal Election in Novgorod, Russia 1156–1478

2003 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Lay Participation ◽  
The People ◽  
Investiture Controversy ◽  
The Right

Episcopal election in Western Christianity evolved considerably over the course of the fifth to the twelfth centuries. In the early part of this period, an open electorate consisting of the clergy and the people (clerus et populus), as well as the diocesan clergy and the metropolitan archbishop, all took part in the election and consecration of a new bishop. Over the course of several centuries, the local prince came increasingly to dominate the process due both to Germanic and Roman traditions of the role of the prince and to the growth in power of the local rulers over the course of the Middle Ages. Efforts to harmonize the discordant views of a “democratic” versus an elite (either princely or clerical) electorate with the ideals of canon law, which forbade lay participation in episcopal election, led to assertions that the clergy were to elect the bishop with the people and the prince giving their assent to the bishop-elect. However, with the Gregorian reforms of the twelfth century, the right of the clergy in episcopal elections became preeminent as the reformers sought to enforce the canon laws and exclude the laity from episcopal election, especially in light of past princely abuse. Despite the apparent victory of the reformers in the Investiture Controversy, the local ruler continued to play a preeminent role in episcopal appointments (or elections) into modern times, though the principle of election “by the clergy and the people” fell into disuse.

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