Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021

Paternalism to Partnership provides a biographical sketch of each head of Indian affairs between 1786 and 2021 in context with each commissioner’s political philosophy. These administrators have been responsible for enforcing an Indian policy as directed by the president and/or the Congress but also influenced by their own political and social philosophy. From 1786-1848, authority was delegated to a superintendent of Indian affairs, a superintendent of the Indian trading houses, a superintendent of the Office of Indian Trade, a chief clerk, and a commissioner of Indian affairs, all of whom reported to the secretary of War. Since 1849, the commissioner of Indian affairs, and after 1977, the assistant secretary for Indian affairs have reported to the secretary of the Interior. Today, the BIA is administered by the assistant secretary for Indian affairs—all of whom have been Native Americans. Previous studies focused on the commissioners, completely overlooking the superintendents that preceded them and the colonial and early American antecedents. David DeJong’s documentary edition is the first to provide an understanding of the political philosophy of each head of the Indian bureau through the emphasis of policy.

HYDROBIOLOGIST, POLAR EXPLORER, FIRST DIRECTOR OF IO RAS P.P. SHIRSHOV

This article is a short scientific and biographical sketch about petr petrovich shirshov (12/25/1905, Dnepropetrovsk – 02/17/1953, Moscow) – hydrologist, polar explorer, Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1937), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), Hero of the Soviet Union (1938 ), the first director of the institute of oceanology of the russian academy of sciences (1946 – early 1953). The Institute bears the name of P.P. Shirshov. Of course, in the year of the anniversary, all of us – employees of the Institute of Oceanology – remember with gratitude and respect the name of Petr Petrovich – the largest scientist-researcher, hydrobiologist, organizer of science and an amazing, deep, very courageous, gifted person with a bright and difficult fate. The article presented below is especially valuable because it pays close attention to the work of P.P. Shirshov as a hydrobiologist. His contribution to history as the organizer of the Institute of Oceanology or a polar explorer is widely sanctified in various publications, but his scientific hydrobiological research is much less known, meanwhile it was this direction that interested Petr Shirshov as a scientist more than anything else.

Biographical Introduction; Theodor Kittelsen's Illustrations; Interpretation and Summary of Contents

The twelfth volume in the series consists of Norsk Høifjeld, a work of prose and poetry written by Theodor Caspari and illustrated by Theodor Kittelsen and several other artists. In the various editions of the work, the aurora borealis figures in Caspari's text as well as in some of Kittelsen's illustrations. The introduction derives from an MA course in Scandinavian literature entitled ‘Dem Polarlicht auf der Spur. Wissenschaftshistorische und kulturwissen­schaftliche Erkundigungen’, given by Marie-Theres Federhofer at Humboldt University Berlin in 2019. The introduction has been written by the student Corinna Hoffmann, the student Lea Meissner, and Per Pippin Aspaas from UiT's University Library. It consists of a brief biographical sketch on Theodor Caspari, an introduction to Theodor Kittelsen's illustrations, and an interpretation and summary of contents of three of the altogether five editions of Norsk Høifjeld that were issued in Theodor Caspari's lifetime.

The Covenants of the Prophet and the Problems of Transmission: An Analysis of a Manuscript Copied by Fāris al-Shidyāq

This study examines a covenant of the Prophet, namely, a treaty, patent of protection or charter of privileges, that was copied by Fāris al-Shidyāq at some time before the middle of the nineteenth century. It provides a biographical sketch of the copyist. It reproduces the Arabic original as found in Majmū‘ fawā’id along with an English translation. This is followed by a commentary on the covenant and a series of conclusions, namely, that the “Shidyāq Covenant” from 1857 is a copy of the “Rylands Covenant,” which appears to be an Ottoman-issued document dating from the sixteenth or seventeenth century. This “Shidyāq/Rylands Covenant” could represent the missing link between the “Covenant of the Prophet Muḥammad with the Christians of Najrān,” found in the Chronicle of Seert, and the “Covenant of the Prophet Muḥammad with the Christians of the World,” namely, the Testamentum et Pactiones made famous by Gabriel Sionita in 1630. The significance of this study resides in the fact that it shares a previously unpublished and unstudied covenant of the Prophet Muḥammad, in both Arabic and English, with the scholarly community, while exploring the problems posed by transmission. The more covenants that are rediscovered, the better we will understand their origin, diffusion, and relationship, allowing us to better assess their authenticity. What is more, if these documents are accepted by Muslims as authentic, either in word or in spirit, they can help counter and prevent radicalization, promote moderation, and help protect minorities.

Serenade in D Major for Orchestra

Ethel Smyth's first orchestral work, the Serenade in D Major for Orchestra, was composed in 1889 (and possibly early 1890) and was premiered at a Crystal Palace concert on 26 April 1890. The work was received well by the audience and garnered positive notices in the press. This critical edition is based on a photocopy of the autograph manuscript, now in the Royal College of Music Library, with reference also to a fair copy of the score, now in the British Library. The extensive critical notes document the changes made by the composer, as well as editorial and performance suggestions made by both the composer and August Manns, who conducted the premiere performance. The present whereabouts of Ethel Smyth's autograph score for her Serenade in D Major are unknown. The facsimile supplement presents a photocopy of the score that was made, according to the label on the cover, in August 1993, and which is now in the Royal College of Music Library. The introduction to this edition includes a biographical sketch of August Manns, conductor of the premiere performance.

A great inspiration for today's vaccination efforts: Biographical sketch of Francisco Xavier Balmis (1753–1819)

The management of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic will require huge worldwide vaccination efforts. In this endeavour, healthcare workers face the twofold challenge of reaching remote areas, and persuading people to take the vaccine shots. As it happens, this is nothing new in the history of medicine. Health workers can take inspiration from Francisco Xavier Balmis, a Spanish physician of the 19th century who realised the importance of Jenner's vaccine against smallpox, and led a big successful expedition to administer the vaccines in the Spanish colonial possessions of the Western hemisphere and Asia. This article presents a biographical sketch of Balmis, focusing on his expedition.

PROTAGORAS AND THE BEGINNINGS OF GRAMMAR

Offering a re-evaluation of all the available evidence, including passages from Aristotle's Rhetoric, Poetics and Sophistici Elenchi, Diogenes Laertius’ biographical sketch as well as the grammar scene in Aristophanes’ Clouds, this article argues that Protagoras’ engagement with grammatical questions must have been more sophisticated and thorough than is often assumed. In Protagoras’ discovery of grammatical gender, formal considerations – most likely inspired by the analysis of personal names – played a more fundamental role than semantic ones, and his typology of πυθμένες λόγων equally presupposes the formal recognition of at least verbal mood, if not also tense.