Patterns of Human Settlement and Industrialization

2019 ◽  
pp. 150-172
Author(s):  
Emily W. B. Russell Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Regional Effects ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Resource Protection ◽  
Commercial Drivers ◽  
History Of

This chapter treats a variety of human interactions with the land that trace their origins more to political and commercial drivers rather than directly to geology, topography, soils and local biota. Examples of land subdivisions are taken mostly from the United States, which illustrates a variety of land-use patterns that result from property surveys. Land hunger and government policies have also contributed to wars, which have altered landscapes. These have characterized the history of most parts of the world, having major repercussions on the environment as well as on people. Examples range over time and space. Industrialization increased the ability of people to travel and thus trade quickly over long distances thus intensifying and extending the impact of humans on the land, especially as industrialization further separated local land use from resource protection. Cities have flourished, often along trade routes, perhaps even before the development of agriculture Some all but disappeared, but all have had both local and regional effects on the land. Examples are discussed of effects both within cities today and resulting from cities that no longer exist.

Farming on the Fringe: Diachronic Changes in Land-Use Patterns and Agricultural Strategies in Ancient Nemea

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Christian F. Cloke 
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Intensive Approach

Between 1984 and 1990, the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (hereafter NVAP), systematically surveyed the Nemea, Asopos, and Longopotamos Valleys, around Nemea, Phlious, and Kleonai in the northeastern Peloponnesos (Figure 1).1 This survey, covering an area of roughly 80 square kilometers, was for its time cutting-edge, both in its intensive approach to surveying the totality of the walkable landscape, and its use of computers for recording and mapping finds.2 The fieldwalking and record-keeping methods employed, which treated individual artifacts as the basic units of analysis, have produced a robust dataset for evaluating settlement patterns, agricultural land-use, and other past human activities within their ecological, economic, social, and historical contexts. This chapter examines the NVAP survey territory and considers the contributions of intensive pedestrian survey to the crafting of a medium- to long-term history of the Greek countryside from the Archaic to Late Roman periods. Through detailed analyses of survey finds’ physical properties and spatial distribution, I assess past settlement patterns and agricultural methods, consider the dynamics of regional production and consumption of ceramics and other goods, and elucidate a range of activities carried out at rural sites.

What is Transportation For?

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Jonathan Levine ◽  
Joe Grengs ◽  
Louis A. Merlin
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Transportation Demand ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Consensus View ◽  
Derived Demand

This chapter traces the history of the derived-demand concept, its application to the transportation context, and an important challenge to the derived view of transportation demand. The derived-demand concept, which underpins the logic of accessibility in transportation and land-use planning, originated in realms entirely removed from transportation. The derived-demand term was coined in 1895 by the economist Alfred Marshall, who used it to describe the demand curves for goods that were intermediate to the consumption or production of other goods. However, the first application of Marshall's derived-demand concept to transportation may have come four decades later in Michael Bonavia's 1936 book The Economics of Transport. The derived-demand concept in transportation was developed further by Robert Mitchell and Chester Rapkin, who were interested in forecasting demand for transportation on the basis of land-use patterns across a metropolitan area. Ultimately, the consensus view that transportation demand is mostly derived is not an absolute truth but, rather, is based on the view that transportation is most usefully viewed—in most circumstances and for most trips—as one means to an end, rather than an end in itself.

scholarly journals Linking Past and Present Land-Use Histories in Southern Amazonas, Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2274
Author(s):  
Daniel Plekhov ◽  
Parker VanValkenburgh ◽  
Paul Abrams ◽  
Amanda Cutler ◽  
Justin Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Imagery ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Past Land Use

This paper analyzes remotely sensed data sources to evaluate land-use history within the Peruvian department of Amazonas and demonstrates the utility of comparing present and past land-use patterns using continuous datasets, as a complement to the often dispersed and discrete data produced by archaeological and paleoecological field studies. We characterize the distribution of ancient (ca. AD 1–1550) terracing based on data drawn from high-resolution satellite imagery and compare it to patterns of deforestation between 2001 and 2019, based on time-series Landsat data. We find that the patterns reflected in these two datasets are statistically different, indicating a distinctive shift in land-use, which we link to the history of Inka and Spanish colonialism and Indigenous depopulation in the 15th through 17th centuries AD as well as the growth of road infrastructure and economic change in the recent past. While there is a statistically significant relationship between areas of ancient terracing and modern-day patterns of deforestation, this relationship ultimately explains little (6%) of the total pattern of modern forest loss, indicating that ancient land-use patterns do not seem to be structuring modern-day trajectories of land-use. Together, these results shed light on the long-term history of land-use in Amazonas and their enduring legacies in the present.

Conducting “Siteless Survey”: Results from Coastal New England

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan E. Kerber
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
New England ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Statistical Validity ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Survey Strategy

Selecting an effective archaeological survey takes careful consideration given the interaction of several variables, such as the survey's goals, nature of the data base, and budget constraints. This article provides justification for a “siteless survey” using evidence from a project on Potowomut Neck in Rhode Island whose objective was not to locate sites but to examine the distribution and density of prehistoric remains to test an hypothesis related to land use patterns. The survey strategy, random walk, was chosen because it possessed the advantages of probabilistic testing, as well as the ease of locating sample units. The results were within the limits of statistical validity and were found unable to reject the hypothesis. “Siteless survey” may be successfully applied in similar contexts where the distribution and density of materials, as opposed to ambiguously defined sites, are sought as evidence of land use patterns, in particular, and human adaptation, in general.

scholarly journals Modeling Community-Scale Natural Resource Use in a Transboundary Southern African Landscape: Integrating Remote Sensing and Participatory Mapping

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Kyle D. Woodward ◽  
Narcisa G. Pricope ◽  
Forrest R. Stevens ◽  
Andrea E. Gaughan ◽  
Nicholas E. Kolarik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Participatory Mapping ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Human Habitation

Remote sensing analyses focused on non-timber forest product (NTFP) collection and grazing are current research priorities of land systems science. However, mapping these particular land use patterns in rural heterogeneous landscapes is challenging because their potential signatures on the landscape cannot be positively identified without fine-scale land use data for validation. Using field-mapped resource areas and household survey data from participatory mapping research, we combined various Landsat-derived indices with ancillary data associated with human habitation to model the intensity of grazing and NTFP collection activities at 100-m spatial resolution. The study area is situated centrally within a transboundary southern African landscape that encompasses community-based organization (CBO) areas across three countries. We conducted four iterations of pixel-based random forest models, modifying the variable set to determine which of the covariates are most informative, using the best fit predictions to summarize and compare resource use intensity by resource type and across communities. Pixels within georeferenced, field-mapped resource areas were used as training data. All models had overall accuracies above 60% but those using proxies for human habitation were more robust, with overall accuracies above 90%. The contribution of Landsat data as utilized in our modeling framework was negligible, and further research must be conducted to extract greater value from Landsat or other optical remote sensing platforms to map these land use patterns at moderate resolution. We conclude that similar population proxy covariates should be included in future studies attempting to characterize communal resource use when traditional spectral signatures do not adequately capture resource use intensity alone. This study provides insights into modeling resource use activity when leveraging both remotely sensed data and proxies for human habitation in heterogeneous, spectrally mixed rural land areas.

Typologies of sprawl: investigating United States metropolitan land use patterns

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Sarzynski ◽  
George Galster ◽  
Lisa Stack
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns
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