This chapter develops a new way to measure piety among Indonesian Muslims. It begins by arguing that piety is a property of individuals that is unobservable, multifaceted, and apolitical, and then draws on an original survey of Indonesians to create a new index of piety that can be used to study how piety relates to other political attitudes and beliefs. The chapter shows that piety in Indonesia is unrelated to beliefs about religion and politics. It also discusses various alternative ways to conceptualize and measure piety in the Muslim world, and shows how conventional measures of piety can be misleading.
