The Intersection of Candidate Gender and Ethnicity: How Voters Respond to Campaign Messages from Latinas

Despite the recent surge of women of color in elected political office in the U.S., the representation of Latinas is strikingly low. Past research offers unclear conclusions as to whether Latina political candidates face biases due to the intersection of their identities as women and as ethnic minorities, and how Latinas can navigate such biases. In this study, we identify how Latinas draw on their intersectional identities as both women and ethnic minorities to develop strategic campaign messages and how voters respond to such messages. Through an analysis of campaign advertising data and an original survey experiment, we show that Latina candidates do not face an automatic disadvantage based in gender and ethnic biases, but they can benefit from the intersection of these two identities, especially among female minority voters. These results are consequential because they offer insights into how to improve the descriptive and substantive representation of marginalized groups in the U.S.

Reaction or anticipation? Resilience in small- and medium-sized enterprises

PurposeBuilding on the recent capability-based conceptualisation of resilience, this paper aims to explore whether the experience of a previous crisis and entrepreneur resilience are associated with Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs') adoption of different anticipation strategies for adversities.Design/methodology/approachUsing original survey data on 959 Italian and German SMEs, the research uses a multinomial logistic regression model in order to test the influence of the prior experience of a crisis and the entrepreneur resilience on the likelihood of adopting different anticipation strategies.FindingsThe paper shows that the previous experience of a crisis increases the likelihood of regularly adopting proactive but non-formalised anticipation actions while decreasing the likelihood of adopting a pure reactive strategy to adversities; in addition, entrepreneur resilience is nonlinearly associated with anticipation strategies.Originality/valueThe main originalities rely on eschewing a pure binary view in relation to the organisational choice of adopting a reactive or a proactive approach towards adversities and on considering the entrepreneur resilience as a factor with both “bright” and “dark” side effects in relation to the anticipation of adversities.

Apprenticeship Indentures and Apprentices in Medieval England, 1250–1500

This thesis uses apprenticeship indentures to offer a novel insight into guilds and apprenticeship in medieval England. Indentures offer a unique view of idealised master-apprentice relationships, which are otherwise only visible in official records. A collection of 82 surviving indentures forms a starting point for exploring social, economic, and legal aspects of apprenticeship in medieval England, both within and outside the guild system. Chapter 1 outlines the content of indentures and provides a guide to their general form. Indentures developed gradually in response to social, economic and legal factors; these are explored in subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 discusses the enforceability and enforcement of legislation pertaining to apprenticeship, as well as exploring the legal complexities of indentures as binding legal agreements made by minors. Chapter 3 considers apprenticeship in three ways in the context of the guild system: as a means of exploitation, as a means of exclusion, and as a means of providing technical training. No single model prevails, but the influence of each depends on geographical, economic, and temporal factors. Subsequent chapters provide an overview of the reality of apprenticeship. Chapter 4 discusses the use of behavioural clauses in indentures, which controlled apprentices’ behaviour with the primary aim of protecting masters’ reputations. Chapter 5 explores apprentices’ expectations of the apprenticeship, including provision of training. Chapter 6 presents novel estimates, based on surviving records, of the cost of maintaining an apprentice, concluding that they were not ‘cheap’ labour. Historians have not previously considered this cost. Chapter 7 uses testamentary evidence to examine close master-apprentice relationships, highlighting the importance of fictive kinship. Civic enfranchisement and its relative importance is also discussed. Overall, this thesis provides an original survey of apprenticeship in medieval England, based mainly on evidence from a previously neglected document type.

Dynamic Research Design: Iteration in Field-Based Inquiry

This article examines how “iteration”—the dynamic updating of a research design in the course of conducting a study—contributes to making fieldwork a powerful form of inquiry. Considering epistemic disagreement on the utility and acceptability of iteration and drawing on published work, our own experiences, and an original survey and interviews, we contend that iteration is a core aspect of field-based inquiry because such work often examines areas for which theory or empirical knowledge is underdeveloped and requires reacting as the research environment evolves. We demonstrate why iteration is challenging, consider the analytic risks it poses, and offer a framework to help scholars iterate in analytically productive ways. We conclude by outlining the implications for the discipline of embracing and being transparent about iteration.

How Voters Respond to Currency Crises: Evidence From Turkey

A burgeoning literature shows that international trade and migration shocks influence individuals’ political attitudes, but relatively little is known about how international financial shocks impact public opinion. This study examines how one prevalent type of international financial shock—currency crises—shapes mass political attitudes. I argue that currency crises reduce average citizens’ support for incumbent governments. I also expect voters’ concerns about their own pocketbooks to influence their response to currency crises. Original survey data from Turkey support these arguments. Exploiting exogenous variation in the currency’s value during the survey window, I show that currency depreciations strongly reduce support for the government. This effect is stronger among individuals that are more negatively affected by depreciation, and it is moderated by individuals’ perceptions of their personal economic situation. This evidence suggests that international financial shocks can strongly influence the opinions of average voters, and it provides further support for pocketbook theories.

Redistributive preferences: Why actual income is ultimately more important than perceived income

An emerging consensus claims that ‘subjective’ (mis)perceptions of income inequality better explain redistributive preferences than actual ‘objective’ conditions. In this article, we critically re-assess this view. We compare perceived and actual income positions as predictors for preferences for redistribution. We argue that perceived income is partly endogenous to actual income and its effect on preferences conditional on ideology. Using an original survey experiment from Switzerland, we show that the predictive power of perceived income is lower compared to actual income. Perceived income is only associated with redistribution preferences among centre-right respondents, but not among left-wing respondents. Furthermore, providing respondents with corrective information about their true position in the income hierarchy has no effect on redistribution preferences. These findings go against the new consensus about the superior explanatory power of subjective perceptions of income inequality. We argue instead that absolute objective conditions should be at the centre of explaining redistributive preferences.

Language, Ethnicity, and Separatism: Survey Results from Two Post-Soviet Regions

Scholars often use language to proxy ethnic identity in studies of conflict and separatism. This conflation of language and ethnicity is misleading: language can cut across ethnic divides and itself has a strong link to identity and social mobility. Language can therefore influence political preferences independently of ethnicity. Results from an original survey of two post-Soviet regions support these claims. Statistical analyses demonstrate that individuals fluent in a peripheral lingua franca are more likely to support separatism than those who are not, while individuals fluent in the language of the central state are less likely to support separatist outcomes. Moreover, linguistic fluency shows a stronger relationship with support for separatism than ethnic identification. These results provide strong evidence that scholars should disaggregate language and ethnic identity in their analyses: language can be more salient for political preferences than ethnicity, and the most salient languages may not even be ethnic.

MODOS DE MOVILIDAD DE LOS NIÑOS Y NIÑAS EN EDAD ESCOLAR: EXPLORACIÓN DE LA INCIDENCIA DE EDAD ESCOLAR: EXPLORACIÓN DE LA INCIDENCIA DE FACTORES SOCIOECONÓMICOS, DE PERCEPCIÓN Y DE FACTORES SOCIOECONÓMICOS, DE PERCEPCIÓN Y DE MESOESCALA URBANA UTILIZANDO RANDOM FOREST MESOESCALA URBANA UTILIZANDO RANDOM

El análisis y comprensión de la incidencia de los factores socioeconómicos, de percepción y de mesoescala urbana sobre los modos de movilidad de los niños y niñas en edad escolar es fundamental para fomentar el uso de modos más sustentables. Este estudio explora la relación entre factores socioeconómicos, de percepción y de mesoescala urbana sobre los modos de movilidad diaria de niñosy niñas en edad escolar (6 a 12 años) en la ciudad intermedia de Cuenca (Ecuador, América Latina). Se utilizó la herramienta Random Forest, como método de aprendizaje automático supervisado, para clasifcar los modos de movilidad en: “caminar”, “autobús” y “automóvil”, y para identifcar la importancia de los factores en cada modo. Los datos se obtuvieron de una encuesta de movilidad realizada en hogares de Cuenca en el 2019. A pesar de que buseta es un modo de movilidad usual para escolares, no pudo ser considerado en este estudio ya que no se contemplaba en la encuesta original utilizada. Los resultados mostraron que el mejor modelo para los modos de movilidad “caminar” y “autobús” fue con todos los grupos de factores (socioeconómicos, de percepción y de mesoescala urbana), mientras que para “automóvil”, como se esperaba, fue el modelo con factores socioeconómicos el más relevante. Si bien los factores más importantes fueron el número de vehículos por familia y nivel socioeconómico, también encontramos que los factores de percepción son relevantes para incentivar el caminar como un modo de movilidad cotidiana . Del mismo modo, para fomentar el uso del autobús, deben tenerse en cuenta los factores urbanos de mesoescala. Este estudio aporta datos y un enfoque metodológico para contribuir a la política pública en materia de movilidad activa en edad escolar. Palabras clave: Modos de movilidad, niños y niñas de 6 a 12 años, factores de mesoescala urbana, Random Forest. AbstractAnalyzing and understanding the incidence of socioeconomic, perception and urban mesoscale factors on mobility modes of school-age children is essential to motivate a more sustainable mobility. This study explores the relationship between socioeconomic, perception and urban mesoscale factors on the daily mobility modes of school-age boys and girls (6 to 12 years old) in the intermediatesized city of Cuenca (Ecuador, Latin America). Random Forest, as a classifcation machine learning method, was used to classify the mobility modes into walk, bus and car, and to identify factor importance in each mode. The data were obtained from amobility survey carried out on Cuenca households in 2019. Even if school bus is a usual mobility mode for schoolchildren, it could not be accounted in this study because it was not contained in the original survey. The results showed that the best model for walk andbus mobility modes was with all the factor groups, while for Car, as expected, was the socioeconomic model. Even if the most important factors were cars´ number per family and socioeconomic level, we also found that, in order to encourage walkingas the mobility mode, the perception factors are relevant. Similarly, in order to encourage bus mobility mode, the urban mesoscale factors should be accounted for. This study contributes with data and a methodological approach that could infuence public policy regarding scholar-aged active mobility. Keywords: Mobility Modes, children 6 to 12 years old, urban mesoscale factors, Random Forest.

Consumer behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic

Background. COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant threat in area of public health. In the light of dynamic increase of infections European countries decided to implement special safety measures in order to stop spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Reduction of the activity of shopping galleries, grocery stores and gastronomy directly impacted the change of consumer behaviours. Objective. The aim of this research was the analysis of consumer behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic regarding the use of gastronomical services, grocery shopping and undertaken safety measures. Material and methods. The main instrument was original survey conducted on-line in November 2020. The form consisted of metrics and close-ended questions about consumer behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic. 1080 respondents took part in the study (females - 850; men - 230). Results were mapped out in Statistics 13.1 program and graphical representation was prepared in Microsoft Excel. Results. More than half of respondents were working people (n=629; 58%). Vast majority of working respondents during the study were working stationary (n=304; 48%), while remotely only 33% (n=208). Among young respondents almost half of the group was unemployed (n=158; 45%), while the rest of the group was employed (n=195; 55%). Professional activities in the group of respondents that were still learning was mostly stationary/ physic (n=57; 29%). During the pandemic the stationary form of working switched into remote in every third of respondent (n=307; 28%). Conclusions. Global pandemic of COVID-19 forced people to change their current behaviours - both consumer and social. Consumers are aware of risks borne by SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may be concluded from undertaken safety measures.

Mental Health and the PhD: Insights and Implications for Political Science

ABSTRACT There is a severe mental health crisis among graduate students in political science. We present findings from an original survey on the mental health of political science PhD students at seven US universities. Our results are concerning: 15.8% expressed thoughts of suicide in the two weeks prior to taking the survey. About 30% of respondents met the criteria for depression and only a third of those were receiving treatment. Approximately 32% met the criteria for anxiety and fewer than half were receiving treatment. We also found that students with poorer mental health were more isolated, had fewer friends in their department and fewer people to turn to for help, and were more likely to contemplate dropping out of their program. Our study raises important questions about the experiences of graduate students during the PhD program and serves as an urgent call to action to address the well-being of our colleagues.