The second half of the twentieth century was marked by the phenomenon of state-sponsored violence against secessionist rebellions. That was certainly true in Asia in newly independent states, including India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, which all sought to quell one or more armed movements for autonomy or independence by resorting to violence. This article examines, from a comparative perspective, four instances of such violence. Focusing on East Pakistan, the Karen areas of Burma, West Papua in Indonesia, and East Timor, it begins with an empirical account of each case, examining the origins and dynamics of the violence, the perpetrators, and the victims.
Political Democratization and Political Crises in Taiwan and the Philippines: A Comparative Perspective
