<p>Ion specific outcomes at aqueous interfaces remain among the most enigmatic phenomena in interfacial chemistry. Here, charged fused silica/water interfaces have been probed by homodyne- and heterodyne-detected (HD) second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy at pH 7 and pH 5.8 and for concentrations of LiCl, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, RbCl, and CsCl ranging from 10 mM to several 100 mM. For ionic strengths around 0.1 mM to 1 mM, SHG intensities increase reversibly by up to 15% compared to the condition of zero added salt because of optical phase matching and electrical double layer. For ionic strengths above 1 mM, use of any combination of cations and anions produces decreases in SHG response by as much as 50%, trending with ion softness when compared to the condition of zero added salt. Gouy-Chapman model fits to homodyned SHG intensities for the alkali halides studied here show charge densities increase significantly with decreasing cation size. HD-SHG measurements indicate diffuse layer properties probed by the SHG process are invariant with ion identity, while Stern layer properties, as reported by chi(2), are subject to ion specificity for the ions surveyed in this work in the order of chi(2)RbCl=1/2 chi(2)NaCl=1/4 chi(2)NaI. Supporting Information available upon request to the Corresponding Author.</p>
Ultrafast dynamics and structure at aqueous interfaces by second harmonic generation
