Infrared Study of Some Organophosphorus Esters in Carbon Tetrachloride and/or Chloroform 1% Solutions

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1564-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Nyquist ◽  
C. W. Puehl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Infrared Study ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Rotational Isomers ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Solute Solvent Interaction ◽  
Organophosphorus Esters

Solvent systems such as CHCl3/CCl4 or CDCl3/CCl4 are useful in showing that organophosphorus esters do exist as rotational isomers in solution. The functional groups such as P=O and POR in organophosphorus esters are the sites of solute/solvent interaction, since their group frequencies are more affected than group frequencies arising primarily within the R group of the organophosphorus esters. This study also shows that different complexes are formed between the solute and solvent systems as well as within the solvent system as the mole % CHCl3/CCl4 or CDCl3/CCl4 increases.

Infrared Study of Benzaldehyde and 4-Substituted Benzaldehydes in Carbon Tetrachloride and/or Chloroform Solutions: The Carbonyl Group

1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1641-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Nyquist ◽  
Sam E. Settineri ◽  
Davin A. Luoma
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Infrared Study ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Substituted Benzaldehydes ◽  
Uniform Manner ◽  
Acceptor Numbers

The carbonyl stretching mode of 4- x-benzaldehydes increases in frequency as the mole % CHCl3/CCl4 decreases and as the value of σP− or σRO for the 4- x atom or group increases. Other functional groups such as OH, NO2 and CN are also affected by interaction with the CHCl3 and/or CCl4 solvent system. Other solvents may interact differently with each functional group so that, say, vC=O vs. σP−, σRO, or solvent acceptor numbers (AN) may not correlate in a uniform manner in all solute/solvent systems.

Infrared Study of Solute/Solvent Interactions between Separate Chloroform Solutions of Alkanes, Cycloalkanes, Alkenes, Cycloalkenes, Cyclohexadienes, Benzene, and Carbon Tetrachloride

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 560-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Nyquist
Keyword(s):  
Bond Distance ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Electron System ◽  
Intermolecular Bond ◽  
Infrared Study ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Solvent Interactions ◽  
Solvent Density ◽  
Solute Solvent Interaction ◽  
Cl Atoms

The intermolecular deuteron bonds formed between Cl3CD and ClCCl3, are stronger than between Cl3CD and ClCCl2D, since the Cl atoms of CCl4, are more basic than Cl atoms for CDCl3. The n-alkanes act as a diluent for CDCl3 molecules, and the strength of the intermolecular proton bond in (Cl3CD:ClCCl2D) n complexes increases as n becomes larger. Solvent density also plays an important role in solute/solvent interaction. Increased solvent density causes the CD:Cl or CD:π (of C=C group) intermolecular bond distance to decrease, causing the bond to be stronger. A repulsion exists between the intermolecular π electron system of benzene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, or 1,4-cyclohexadiene and the chlorine atom δ electrons of CDCl3, and this repulsive effect is a factor in establishing the equilibrium intermolecular bond distance formed between the CD:π bonds of benzene (or cyclohexadienes) and the proton of CDCl3. These conclusions are based on the study of the vCD, vC=C, and v(C=C)2 frequencies vs. mole % CDCl3 (or CHCl3)/solvent system.

Infrared Study of Phosphorous Oxychloride and Organophosphorus Compounds Containing the P(=O)Cl2 Group in Dilute Solvent Systems

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1552-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Nyquist ◽  
C. W. Puehl
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Rotational Isomer ◽  
Infrared Study ◽  
Normal Vibrations ◽  
Phosphorous Oxychloride ◽  
Solvent Systems

The present study has shown that some normal vibrations shift to lower frequency while others shift to higher frequency as the mole % of the solvent system increases. The vP=O mode for compounds containing the P(=O)Cl2 group shifts to lower frequency with increase in the mole % CHCl3/CCl4. The P=O group is believed to be complexed with the solvent system. Both the vasym.PCl2 and vsym.PCl2 modes shift to higher frequency as the mole % CHCl3/CCl4 increases. The application of IR and different solvent systems aids in assigning rotational isomer band pairs.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature and Electrolytic Concentration on Density and Viscosity of Ethanol-Water Mixed Solvent Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Anis Ahmed Sheikh ◽  
Syed U.K. Asema ◽  
Mohamad Asif ◽  
Shaukat Patel
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Mixed Solvent System ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Solvent Solvent

The density and Viscosity of Ethanol-Water mixed solvent systems (5%, 10%, 20% ,40% v/v ) has been determined at 298,303,308 and 313 K. The same parameters has been determined for the KCl-Ethanol-Water mixture (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% w/v)The results obtained from these determinations were discussed. The effect of temperature and KCl electrolyte on density and viscosity of mixed solvent systems and mixture has been studied. The increase in temperature of mixed solvent system results in decrease in density and Viscosity. But with the addition of KCl electrolyte in mixed solvent system results in increase in density and viscosity at constant temperature but the same parameters decrease when temperature increases. The variation of these parameters is due to solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interaction.

Infrared Study of 4- and 3-Substituted Anilines in Hexane, Carbon Tetrachloride, or Chloroform (0.5% or Less) Solutions

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1273-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Nyquist ◽  
D. A. Luoma ◽  
C. W. Puehl
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Bond Angle ◽  
Frequency Separation ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Substituted Anilines ◽  
Infrared Study ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Solute Solvent Interaction ◽  
Cl Atoms ◽  
Ir Bands

As the NH2 bond angle increases, both vasym NH2 and vsym. NH2 increase in frequency, and the frequency separation between vasym. NH2 and vsym. NH2 increases as the Hammett σp and σm values increase (increasing electron withdrawing power). The NH2 bond angles change with solute/solvent interaction. In CHCl3 solution IR bands are observed for two sets of vasym. NH2 and vsym. NH2 frequencies. It is suggested that this is the result of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between H2N and HCCl3 and between NH2 and Cl(HCl2)2. In CCl4 solution the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the NH2 protons and the Cl atoms of CCl4 is stronger than between the Cl atoms of CHCl3.

Vibrational Frequency Shifts of the Carbonyl Stretching Mode Induced by Solvents: Acetone

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1053-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Nyquist ◽  
T. M. Kirchner ◽  
H. A. Fouchea
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Vibrational Frequency ◽  
Molecular Geometry ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Acceptor Number ◽  
Frequency Shifts ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Precise Measure ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Solute Solvent Interaction

Variation in the correlations obtained between electron acceptor number (AN) values for each solvent versus the vC=O frequencies for acetone and tetramethylurea in solution with these solvents suggests that the AN values are not a precise measure of solute/solvent interaction for all solute/solvent systems. Factors such as intermolecular hydrogen bonding between solute and solvent and the differences between molecular geometry of the solutes and solvents most likely account for differences in the solute/solvent interaction for different solutes in the same solvents.

Dielectric Polarisation of Pyridine

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 587-590
Author(s):  
V. K. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Polar Solvents ◽  
Solvent Interaction ◽  
Solute Solvent Interaction ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Dielectric Polarisation ◽  
Influence Of Solvent

This paper deals with the study of dielectric polarisation of pyridine at 35°C in four non polar solvents namely benzene, carbon tetrachloride, dioxan and cyclohexane. The results have been discussed to understand the merits of PALIT equation. It is observed that the moment value μs obtained by this is fairly comparable with that calculated by the method of HALVERSTADT and KUMLER2. The order of apparent dipole moment has been discussed in terms of influence of solvent and solute-solvent interaction as well.

OPTIMIZATION OF THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY METHODS FOR SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN THEIR MIXTURE

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Daiva Kazlauskienė ◽  
Guoda Kiliuvienė ◽  
Palma Nenortienė ◽  
Giedrė Kasparavičienė ◽  
Ieva Matukaitytė
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Paroxetine Hydrochloride ◽  
Fluvoxamine Maleate ◽  
Layer Chromatography

By conducting the toxicological analysis it is meaningful to determine the analytical system that could identify simultaneously several medicinal preparations quickly and precisely. The purpose of this work was to create and validate the method of thin-layer chromatography that would be suitable to separate the components of antidepressant mixture (amitriptyline hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride, sertraline hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleate and buspirone hydrochloride) and to identify them. The system was validated with regard to the sensitivity, repetition of data, resistance and particularity. The solvent systems with potential of high separation of components in their mixture were created: acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (85:10:5); acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (75:20:5); dichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (50:45:5); dichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (42:55:3); trichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (25:70:5); trichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (60:36:4). One of the most suitable solvent systems for separation of the analyzed mixture (sertraline, amitriptyline, paroxetine, buspirone, fluvoxamine) was determined – acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (85:10:5). When this solvent system was used, the average Rf values of the analyzed compounds differed the most. Validation was conducted – the relative standard deviation (RSD, percent) of the average Rf value of the analyzed compounds varied from 0,6 to 1,8 percent and did not exceed the permissible error of 5 percent. The sensitivity of methodology was determined by assessing the intensity of the mixture’s spots on the chromatographic plate. The detection limit of buspirone was 0,0012 µg; sertraline – 0,0008 µg; amitriptyline – 0,0004 µg; fluvoxamine – 0,0004 µg; paroxetine – 0,0008 µg. The resistance of results to the changed conditions – it was determined that when the amounts of the solvents acetonitrile and methanol were increased or decreased to two milliliters, the average Rf values of the analyzed compounds did not change statistically significantly

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