Histogram-based watermarking schemes are invariant to pixel permutations and can thus be combined with permutation-based ciphers to form a commutative watermarking-encryption scheme. In this chapter, the authors demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for audio data and still image data. Typical histogram-based watermarking schemes based on comparison of histogram bins are prone to desynchronization attacks, where the whole histogram is shifted by a certain amount. These kind of attacks can be avoided by synchronizing the embedding and detection processes, using the mean of the histogram as a calibration point. The resulting watermarking scheme is resistant to three common types of shifts of the histogram, while the advantages of previous histogram-based schemes, especially commutativity of watermarking and permutation-based encryption, are preserved. The authors also report on the results of testing robustness of the still image watermark against JPEG and JPEG2000 compression and on the possibility of using histogram-based watermarks for authenticating the content of an image.
Correction: A novel encryption scheme for high-contrast image data in the Fresnelet domain
