Change in the central control of the bladder function of rats with focal cerebral infarction induced by photochemically-induced thrombosis

The photochemically-induced thrombosis (photothrombosis) method can create focal cerebral infarcts anywhere in the relatively superficial layers of the cerebrum; it is easy to implement and minimally invasive. Taking advantage of this versatility, we aimed to establish a new rat model of urinary frequency with focal cerebral infarction, which was characterized by its simplicity, nonlethal nature, and high reproducibility. The prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which are involved in lower urinary tract control, were targeted for focal cerebral infarction, and urinary parameters were measured by cystometrogram. Cystometric analysis indicated that micturition intervals significantly shortened in photothrombosis-treated rats compared with those in the sham operative group on Days 1 and 7 (P < 0.01), but prolonged after 14 days, with no difference between the two groups. Immunopathological evaluation showed an accumulation of activated microglia, followed by an increase in reactive astrocytes at the peri-infarct zone after photothrombotic stroke. Throughout this study, all postphotothrombosis rats showed cerebral infarction in the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex; there were no cases of rats with fatal cerebral infarction. This model corresponded to the clinical presentation, in that the micturition status changed after stroke. In conclusion, this novel model combining nonlethality and high reproducibility may be a suitable model of urinary frequency after focal cerebral infarction.

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Change in the bladder function of rats with focal cerebral infarction induced by photochemically-induced thrombosis

10.1101/2021.08.04.455101 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuya Ota ◽

Yasue Kubota ◽

Yuji Hotta ◽

Mami Matsumoto ◽

Nayuka Matsuyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Cerebral Infarction ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Bladder Function ◽

Suitable Model ◽

Urinary Frequency ◽

Infarct Zone ◽

High Reproducibility

The photochemically-induced thrombosis (photothrombosis) method can create focal cerebral infarcts anywhere in the relatively superficial layers of the cerebrum; it is easy to implement and minimally invasive. Taking advantage of this versatility, we aimed to establish a new rat model of urinary frequency with focal cerebral infarction, which was characterized by its simplicity, nonlethal nature, and high reproducibility. The prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which are urinary centers, were targeted for focal cerebral infarction, and urinary parameters were measured by cystometrogram. Cystometric analysis indicated that micturition intervals significantly shortened in photothrombosis-treated rats compared with those in the sham operative group on Days 1 and 7 (P < 0.01), but prolonged after 14 days, with no difference between the two groups. Immunopathological evaluation showed an accumulation of activated microglia, followed by an increase in reactive astrocytes at the peri-infarct zone after photothrombotic stroke. Throughout this study, all postphotothrombosis rats showed cerebral infarction in the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex; there were no cases of rats with fatal cerebral infarction. This model corresponded to the clinical presentation, in that the micturition status changed after stroke. In conclusion, this novel model combining nonlethality and high reproducibility may be a suitable model of urinary frequency after focal cerebral infarction.

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Effects of unilateral deactivations of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex on saccadic eye movements

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00626.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 111 (4) ◽

pp. 787-803 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Michael J. Koval ◽

R. Matthew Hutchison ◽

Stephen G. Lomber ◽

Stefan Everling

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽

Single Neuron Recording

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have both been implicated in the cognitive control of saccadic eye movements by single neuron recording studies in nonhuman primates and functional imaging studies in humans, but their relative roles remain unclear. Here, we reversibly deactivated either dlPFC or ACC subregions in macaque monkeys while the animals performed randomly interleaved pro- and antisaccades. In addition, we explored the whole-brain functional connectivity of these two regions by applying a seed-based resting-state functional MRI analysis in a separate cohort of monkeys. We found that unilateral dlPFC deactivation had stronger behavioral effects on saccades than unilateral ACC deactivation, and that the dlPFC displayed stronger functional connectivity with frontoparietal areas than the ACC. We suggest that the dlPFC plays a more prominent role in the preparation of pro- and antisaccades than the ACC.

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SNAP-25a/b Isoform Levels in Human Brain Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Molecular Neuropsychiatry ◽

10.1159/000441224 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 220-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Peter M. Thompson ◽

Dianne A. Cruz ◽

Elizabeth A. Fucich ◽

Dianna Y. Olukotun ◽

Masami Takahashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Human Brain ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal

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Functional double dissociation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control

NeuroImage ◽

10.1016/s1053-8119(00)90936-4 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. S1 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Angus MacDonald ◽

Jonathan Cohen ◽

V. Andrew Stenger ◽

Cameron Carter

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Cognitive Control ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Double Dissociation ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal

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Anatomy of Motor Learning. I. Frontal Cortex and Attention to Action

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1313 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 1313-1324 ◽

Cited By ~ 411

Author(s):

M. Jueptner ◽

K. M. Stephan ◽

C. D. Frith ◽

D. J. Brooks ◽

R.S.J. Frackowiak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Motor Learning ◽

Frontal Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Critical Feature ◽

Positron Emission ◽

New Learning ◽

The Right

Jueptner, M., K. M. Stephan, C. D. Frith, D. J. Brooks, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and R. E. Passingham. Anatomy of motor learning. I. Frontal cortex and attention to action. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1313–1324, 1997. We used positron emission tomography to study new learning and automatic performance in normal volunteers. Subjects learned sequences of eight finger movements by trial and error. In a previous experiment we showed that the prefrontal cortex was activated during new learning but not during automatic performance. The aim of the present experiment was to see what areas could be reactivated if the subjects performed the prelearned sequence but were required to pay attention to what they were doing. Scans were carried out under four conditions. In the first the subjects performed a prelearned sequence of eight key presses; this sequence was learned before scanning and was practiced until it had become overlearned, so that the subjects were able to perform it automatically. In the second condition the subjects learned a new sequence during scanning. In a third condition the subjects performed the prelearned sequence, but they were required to attend to what they were doing; they were instructed to think about the next movement. The fourth condition was a baseline condition. As in the earlier study, the dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate area 32 were activated during new learning, but not during automatic performance. The left dorsal prefrontal cortex and the right anterior cingulate cortex were reactivated when subjects paid attention to the performance of the prelearned sequence compared with automatic performance of the same task. It is suggested that the critical feature was that the subjects were required to attend to the preparation of their responses. However, the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex were activated more when the subjects learned a new sequence than they were when subjects simply paid attention to a prelearned sequence. New learning differs from the attention condition in that the subjects generated moves, monitored the outcomes, and remembered the responses that had been successful. All these are nonroutine operations to which the subjects must attend. Further analysis is needed to specify which are the nonroutine operations that require the involvement of the dorsal prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex.

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Hyperlexia and ambient echolalia in a case of cerebral infarction of the left anterior cingulate cortex and corpus callosum

Neurocase ◽

10.1080/13554790902842037 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 384-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tadashi Suzuki ◽

Shouichi Itoh ◽

Mototaka Hayashi ◽

Masako Kouno ◽

Katsuhiko Takeda

Keyword(s):

Corpus Callosum ◽

Cerebral Infarction ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate

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Attenuated responses to emotional expressions in women with generalized anxiety disorder

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291710001455 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 1009-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

M. E. Palm ◽

R. Elliott ◽

S. McKie ◽

J. F. W. Deakin ◽

I. M. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Generalized Anxiety ◽

Bold Signal

BackgroundGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is under-researched despite its high prevalence and large impact on the healthcare system. There is a paucity of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that explore the neural correlates of emotional processing in GAD. The present study investigated the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to processing positive and negative facial emotions in patients with GAD.MethodA total of 15 female GAD patients and 16 female controls undertook an implicit face emotion task during fMRI scanning. They also performed a face emotion recognition task outside the scanner.ResultsThe only behavioural difference observed in GAD patients was less accurate detection of sad facial expressions compared with control participants. However, GAD patients showed an attenuated BOLD signal in the prefrontal cortex to fearful, sad, angry and happy facial expressions and an attenuated signal in the anterior cingulate cortex to happy and fearful facial expressions. No differences were found in amygdala response.ConclusionsIn contrast with previous research, this study found BOLD signal attenuation in the ventrolateral and medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex during face emotion processing, consistent with a hypothesis of hypo-responsivity to external emotional stimuli in GAD. These decreases were in areas that have been implicated in emotion and cognition and may reflect an altered balance between internally and externally directed attentional processes.

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The Role of Intact Frontostriatal Circuits in Error Processing

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2006.18.4.651 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 651-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 110

Author(s):

Markus Ullsperger ◽

D. Yves von Cramon

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Basal Ganglia ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Performance Monitoring ◽

Brain Plasticity ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Cortical Circuits ◽

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Error Related Negativity

The basal ganglia have been suggested to play a key role in performance monitoring and resulting behavioral adjustments. It is assumed that the integration of prefrontal and motor cortico—striato—thalamo—cortical circuits provides contextual information to the motor anterior cingulate cortex regions to enable their function in performance monitoring. So far, direct evidence is missing, however. We addressed the involvement of frontostriatal circuits in performance monitoring by collecting event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavioral data in nine patients with focal basal ganglia lesions and seven patients with lateral prefrontal cortex lesions while they performed a flanker task. In both patient groups, the amplitude of the error-related negativity was reduced, diminishing the difference to the ERPs on correct responses. Despite these electrophysiological abnormalities, most of the patients were able to correct errors. Only in lateral prefrontal cortex patients whose lesions extended into the frontal white matter, disrupting the connections to the motor anterior cingulate cortex and the striatum, were error corrections severely impaired. In sum, the fronto—striato—thalamo—cortical circuits seem necessary for the generation of error-related negativity, even when brain plasticity has resulted in behavioral compensation of the damage. Thus, error-related ERPs in patients provide a sensitive measure of the integrity of the performance monitoring network.

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