COVID-19 Mortality At The Neighborhood Level: Racial And Ethnic Inequalities Deepened In Minnesota In 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1644-1653
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Wrigley-Field ◽  
Sarah Garcia ◽  
Jonathon P. Leider ◽  
David Van Riper
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Inequalities ◽  
Neighborhood Level

The Racial and Economic Context of Trump Support: Evidence for Threat, Identity, and Contact Effects in the 2016 Presidential Election

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Knowles ◽  
Linda Tropp
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Racial Identification ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Neighborhood Diversity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
To Come ◽  
Neighborhood Level ◽  
Support Evidence

Donald Trump's ascent to the Presidency of the United States defied the expectations of many social scientists, pundits, and laypeople. To date, most efforts to understand Trump's rise have focused on personality and demographic characteristics of White Americans. In contrast, the present work leverages a nationally representative sample of Whites to examine how contextual factors may have shaped support for Trump during the 2016 presidential primaries. Results reveal that neighborhood-level exposure to racial and ethnic minorities is associated with greater group threat and racial identification among Whites, as well as greater intentions to vote for Trump in the general election. At the same time, however, neighborhood diversity afforded Whites with opportunities for intergroup contact, which is associated with lower levels of threat, White identification, and Trump support. Further analyses suggest that a healthy local economy mutes threat effects in diverse contexts, allowing contact processes to come to the fore.

scholarly journals Ethnicity, Exclusion, and Exams: Education Policy and Politics in Burundi from the Independent Republics to the Civil War (1966–1993)

2021 ◽  
pp. 000203972110235
Author(s):  
Emily Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Education Policy ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Ethnic Inequalities ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Perceptions Of Inequality ◽  
Ethnicity And Politics

Education policy can embed ethnic inequalities in a country. Education in Burundi, with its historically exclusive political institutions and education, represents an important case for understanding these interactions. In this article, I interview twelve Burundians about how they experienced and perceived ethnicity and politics in their schooling from 1966 to 1993. I argue that education contributed to tangible and perceived social hierarchies based on ethnic inequalities. I show that this exclusion reflected both overt and covert policy goals, through proxies used to identify ethnicity in schools and through the exclusive nature of national exams at the time, which promoted members of the Tutsi minority at the expense of the majority Hutus. This study has implications for understanding how perceptions of inequality in education manifest as grievances against the state. It sheds light on the importance of understanding covert education policy as a potential mechanism for generating exclusion and contributing to conflict.

Love in the Time of War: Identifying Neighborhood-level Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence from a Longitudinal Study in Refugee-hosting Communities

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052098626
Author(s):  
Sarah Treves-Kagan ◽  
Amber Peterman ◽  
Nisha C. Gottfredson ◽  
Andrés Villaveces ◽  
Kathryn E. Moracco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Community Connectedness ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Neighborhood Level

A high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been documented among women living in conflict-affected and refugee-hosting areas, but why this occurs is not well understood. Conflict and displacement deteriorate communities’ social cohesion and community connectedness; these neighborhood social environments may influence individual IPV outcomes. We explored neighborhood-level social disorganization and cohesion as predictors of recent IPV in refugee-hosting communities in northern Ecuador by conducting multi-level logistic regression on a longitudinal sample of 1,312 women. Neighborhood social disorganization was marginally positively associated with emotional IPV (AOR: 1.17, 95% CI: .99, 1.38) and physical and/or sexual IPV (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: .96, 1.51). This was partially mediated by neighborhood-level civic engagement in the case of emotional IPV. At the household level, perceived discrimination and experience of psychosocial stressors were risk factors for both types of IPV, whereas social support was protective. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine how neighborhood social factors influence IPV outcomes in refugee-hosting communities or in South America. As the world grapples with the largest number of displaced people in history, this research can inform prevention and response programming and reinforces the critical importance of promoting acceptance of refugees and immigrants and positively engaging all community members in civic life in refugee-hosting settings.

scholarly journals Examining the Neighborhood Attributes of Recently Housed Partner Violence Survivors in Rapid Rehousing

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4177
Author(s):  
Charvonne N. Holliday ◽  
Kristin Bevilacqua ◽  
Karen Trister Grace ◽  
Langan Denhard ◽  
Arshdeep Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Social Familiarity ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
Economic Tradeoffs ◽  
Safety And Stability ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Survivors’ considerations for re-housing following intimate partner violence (IPV) are understudied despite likely neighborhood-level influences on women’s safety. We assess housing priorities and predictors of re-housing location among recent IPV survivors (n = 54) in Rapid Re-housing (RRH) in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. Choropleth maps depict residential location relative to census tract characteristics (neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and residential segregation) derived from American Community Survey data (2013–2017). Linear regression measured associations between women’s individual, economic, and social factors and NDI and segregation. In-depth interviews (n = 16) contextualize quantitative findings. Overall, survivors re-housed in significantly more deprived and racially segregated census tracts within their respective regions. In adjusted models, trouble securing housing (B = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.13, 1.34), comfortability with proximity to loved ones (B = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.48), and being unsure (vs unlikely) about IPV risk (B = −0.76, 95% CI: −1.39, −0.14) were significantly associated with NDI. Economic dependence on an abusive partner (B = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.56, −0.06) predicted re-housing in segregated census tracts; occasional stress about housing affordability (B = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.75) predicted re-housing in less segregated census tracts. Qualitative results contextualize economic (affordability), safety, and social (familiarity) re-housing considerations and process impacts (inspection delays). Structural racism, including discriminatory housing practices, intersect with gender, exacerbating challenges among survivors of severe IPV. This mixed-methods study further highlights the significant economic tradeoffs for safety and stability, where the prioritization of safety may exacerbate economic devastation for IPV survivors. Findings will inform programmatic policies for RRH practices among survivors.

scholarly journals Geospatial analysis of emergency services use for public health assessment and intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Cassourret
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinants ◽  
Primary Care Doctors ◽  
Use Of Emergency Services ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Abstract The population is increasingly using emergency care services around the world. The underlying interrogation is whether this increase is a consequence from a dysfunction in healthcare provision, from a deterioration in the health status of the population or from socioeconomic determinants. We performed geospatial analyses with 3-year 1,081,026 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) responses in Paris and its suburbs. Incidence of calls per population and complaints were compared, at the neighborhood level, with demographic and socioeconomic determinants. Associations with characteristics of the health system such as the density of primary care doctors were also studied. Spatial autocorrelations were searched with Moran's I analyses. We found a positive correlation between the incidence of EMS calls by population for respiratory problems, and the level of poverty as well as the unemployment rate (p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between psychiatric complaints and socioeconomic determinants. There was a strong correlation between calls for birth or imminent birth by woman of childbearing age and the unemployment rate among women, the unemployment rate overall and household median household income (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between the density of primary care providers and EMS activity by population. EMS data allowed us to powerfully identify specific socioeconomic determinants of health for a 7 million-inhabitant population at the district level. Results could be used to design and implement tailored public health interventions for maximum impact. The overuse of emergency services does not seem to stem solely from the decrease in the supply of primary care doctors. Innovatively, monitoring the actual use of emergency services could responsively inform policy makers and agencies responsible for prevention and health promotion about the specific needs of the population and the consequences of decisions on the organization of the provision of care. Key messages The use of emergency services is a valid metric to evaluate the health status of the population and identify socioeconomic determinants. It gives specific guidelines for public health interventions. Geospatial analyses can efficiently identify the specific needs of a population at the neighborhood level. It can participate to the evaluation of the organization of healthcare provision.

scholarly journals The Premium of Public Perceived Greenery: A Framework Using Multiscale GWR and Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6809
Author(s):  
Yonglin Zhang ◽  
Xiao Fu ◽  
Chencan Lv ◽  
Shanlin Li
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
Real Estate Development ◽  
Hedonic Price ◽  
Price Model ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Neighborhood Scale ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Population agglomeration and real estate development encroach on public green spaces, threatening human settlement equity and perceptual experience. Perceived greenery is a vital interface for residents to interact with the urban eco-environment. Nevertheless, the economic premiums and spatial scale of such greenery have not been fully studied because a comprehensive quantitative framework is difficult to obtain. Here, taking advantage of big geodata and deep learning to quantify public perceived greenery, we integrate a multiscale GWR (MGWR) and a hedonic price model (HPM) and propose an analytic framework to explore the premium of perceived greenery and its spatial pattern at the neighborhood scale. Our empirical study in Beijing demonstrated that (1) MGWR-based HPM can lead to good performance and increase understanding of the spatial premium effect of perceived greenery; (2) for every 1% increase in neighborhood-level perceived greenery, economic premiums increase by 4.1% (115,862 RMB) on average; and (3) the premium of perceived greenery is spatially imbalanced and linearly decreases with location, which is caused by Beijing’s monocentric development pattern. Our framework provides analytical tools for measuring and mapping the capitalization of perceived greenery. Furthermore, the empirical results can provide positive implications for establishing equitable housing policies and livable neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Influence of Neighborhood Factors on Sleep in Home Dwelling Multiethnic Older Adults With Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 619-619
Author(s):  
Adriana Perez ◽  
Augestine Boateng ◽  
Sonia Talwar ◽  
Nancy Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Gis Mapping ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Neighborhood Factors ◽  
Stage Number ◽  
Subjective Sleep ◽  
Housing Value ◽  
Wrist Actigraphy ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Abstract Current scientific paradigms inadequately capture complex clinical, behavioral, and sociocultural factors impacting health and well-being in persons living with dementia (PLWD). The purpose of this study was to identify differences in individual and neighborhood-level factors contributing to sleep among multi-ethnic PLWD. Wrist actigraphy measured objective sleep characteristics. Subjective sleep was assessed using the PROMIS sleep measure. GIS mapping analyzed neighborhood-level factors (walkability, green space, crime index, density). Walkability was significantly associated with subjective sleep (p.006) controlling for age and dementia stage. Number of night awakenings was significantly associated with density, crime and housing value (p<.001). PLWD in neighborhoods with higher population density, annual crime, low median home and low walkability would benefit from interventions targeting unsupportive neighborhood environments to improve sleep.

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