Study of finite word-length effect on the performance of watermarking methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Himanshu Agarwal ◽  
Balasubramanian Raman
Keyword(s):  
Word Length ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Word Length Effect ◽  
Finite Word Length ◽  
Finite Word

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Improving reading rate prediction with word length information: Evidence from Dutch

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110171
Author(s):  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Longjiao Sui ◽  
Wouter Duyck ◽  
Nicolas Dirix
Keyword(s):  
Word Length ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
English Word ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Word Length Effect ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
Processing Effort

Previous research in English has suggested that reading rate predictions can be improved considerably by taking average word length into account. In the present study, we investigated whether the same regularity holds for Dutch. The Dutch language is very similar to English, but words are on average half a letter longer: 5.1 letters per word (in non-fiction) instead of 4.6. We collected reading rates of 62 participants reading 12 texts with varying word lengths, and examined which change in the English equation accounts for the Dutch findings. We observed that predictions were close to the best fitting curve as soon as the average English word length was replaced by the average Dutch word length. The equation predicts that Dutch texts with an average word length of 5.1 letters will be read at a rate of 238 word per minute (wpm). Texts with an average word length of 4.5 letter will be read at 270 wpm, and texts with an average word length of 6.0 letters will be read at a rate of 202 wpm. The findings are in line with the assumption that the longer words in Dutch do not slow down silent reading relative to English and that the word length effect observed in each language is due to word processing effort and not to low-level, visual factors.

scholarly journals Design of high-speed and low-power finite-word-length PID controllers

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Oudjida ◽  
N. Chaillet ◽  
A. Liacha ◽  
M. L. Berrandjia ◽  
M. Hamerlain
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Word Length ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Pid Controllers ◽  
Finite Word Length ◽  
Finite Word
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