Impulsive Sound Detection Directly in Sigma-Delta Domain

Abstract Recent implementations of Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ) converters have achieved low cost, low power consumption, and high integration while maintaining resolution as high as in Nyquist-rate converters. However, its usage implies demodulating the source signal delivered from ΣΔ modulation to Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) on a pre-processing stage. This work proposes an algorithm based on Discrete Cosine Transform for impulsive signal detection to be applied directly on a modulated ΣΔ bitstream, targeting to reduce computational cost in acoustic event detection applications such as gunshot recognition systems. From pre-recorded impulsive sounds in ΣΔ format, it has been shown that the new method presents a similar error rate in comparison with traditional energy-based approaches in PCM, meanwhile, it reduces significantly the number of operations per unit time.

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BER Improvement Using Error Concealment Technique for Pulse Code Modulation System

Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences ◽

10.24237/djes.2018.11110 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 61-63

Author(s):

Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Channel Coding ◽

Binary Data ◽

Error Concealment ◽

Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Pulse Modulation ◽

Soft Decoding ◽

Code Modulation ◽

Nyquist Rate ◽

Voice Message ◽

The Voice

The output of pulse code modulation (PCM) encoder is statistically described; this description is used at the receiver to reduce the error of the received signal. Recently, PCM is the most important form of pulse modulation. Bit errors occur at the transmission of information through the communication system and the amount of error depends on the characteristics of the channel. In this paper, the voice message is sampled greater than Nyquist rate and quantized with scalar quantizer, then the quantized levels are encoded with resolution B bits assigned to each level. The binary data are mapped and transmitted over Gaussian noise channel. The system was designed without channel coding. At the receiver the statistical description is exploited to conceal the errors. The results show that a significant improvement gained in bit error rate that was reduced from 0.078 to 0.052 at 0 dB of Eb N0⁄ by soft decoding, compared to hard decoding.

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Automatic Star-Trackers for Long-Range Navigation

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300046403 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 482-497

Author(s):

Ronald D. Thomas ◽

Gerald J. Shroyer

Keyword(s):

Long Range ◽

Low Cost ◽

Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Development Trends ◽

Aircraft Navigation ◽

Code Modulation ◽

Star Tracking ◽

Celestial Bodies ◽

Modulation Theory ◽

Celestial Sphere

This paper describes development trends of one particular navigational technique (automatic star tracking) and its associated instrumentation methods one of which, the application of pulse code modulation theory to sensor design, is discussed in detail. Plans for the future development of this most promising concept are also included and the effects of military research and development efforts on civilian aircraft requirements are indicated. An appendix provides a glossary of special terms used.Automatic star-tracking systems have been used in military aircraft navigation for position fixing and heading correction for a number of years and the development of the equipment has been actively pursued by the U.S.A.F. since as early as 1946. Basically, star trackers are automatic devices that probe a portion of the celestial sphere for the purpose of detecting, acquiring and tracking stars or other celestial bodies. In using astronomical inputs for cruise vehicle navigation, advantage is taken of the well-known principle that sights on two or more stars when referred to the true vertical and time can be used to provide a position fix. It is the intent of this paper to review techniques used to instrument star trackers, discuss their application to long-range aircraft navigation, indicate development trends and introduce a new concept of employing pulse code modulation theory to the design of a simple, low cost automatic astro-tracker.

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28.1 A Distortion-Free VCO-Based Sensor-to-Digital Front-End Achieving 178.9dB FoM and 128dB SFDR with a Calibration-Free Differential Pulse-Code Modulation Technique

2021 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) ◽

10.1109/isscc42613.2021.9365950 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jiannan Huang ◽

Patrick P. Mercier

Keyword(s):

Differential Pulse ◽

Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Differential Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Modulation Technique ◽

Front End ◽

Code Modulation ◽

Calibration Free

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Transmission time and bandwidth in pulse code modulation (application of the statistical thermodynamic formalism)

Journal of Statistical Physics ◽

10.1007/bf01011384 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 261-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. Huang ◽

H. Reiss

Keyword(s):

Thermodynamic Formalism ◽

Transmission Time ◽

Statistical Thermodynamic ◽

Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Code Modulation

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Book reviews - Readings in pulse code modulation(2nd edition)

IEEE Communications Magazine ◽

10.1109/mcom.1981.1090546 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 74-74

Author(s):

A. Gersho

Keyword(s):

Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Code Modulation

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Entropy-coded hybrid differential pulse-code modulation

Electronics Letters ◽

10.1049/el:19830047 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 63 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

N.M. Nasrabadi ◽

S.K. Pal ◽

R.A. King

Keyword(s):

Differential Pulse ◽

Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Differential Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Code Modulation

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Bandwidth limitations in pulse code modulation

Journal of Statistical Physics ◽

10.1007/bf01012600 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 65-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Richard Cohen

Keyword(s):

Pulse Code Modulation ◽

Code Modulation

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Status Estimation and In-Process Connection of Kanbans Using BLE Beacons and LPWA Network to Implement Intra-Traceability for the Kanban System

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21155038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 5038

Author(s):

Kosuke Shima ◽

Masahiro Yamaguchi ◽

Takumi Yoshida ◽

Takanobu Otsuka

Keyword(s):

Inventory Management ◽

Low Cost ◽

Computational Cost ◽

Low Energy ◽

Manufacturing Strategy ◽

Implementation Cost ◽

Measurement Systems ◽

Process Route ◽

Kanban System ◽

Low Computational Cost

IoT-based measurement systems for manufacturing have been widely implemented. As components that can be implemented at low cost, BLE beacons have been used in several systems developed in previous research. In this work, we focus on the Kanban system, which is a measure used in manufacturing strategy. The Kanban system emphasizes inventory management and is used to produce only required amounts. In the Kanban system, the Kanban cards are rotated through the factory along with the products, and when the products change to a different process route, the Kanban card is removed from the products and the products are assigned to another Kanban. For this reason, a single Kanban cannot trace products from plan to completion. In this work, we propose a system that uses a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacon to connect Kanbans in different routes but assigned to the same products. The proposed method estimates the beacon status of whether the Kanban is inside or outside a postbox, which can then be computed by a micro controller at low computational cost. In addition, the system connects the Kanbans using the beacons as paired connection targets. In an experiment, we confirmed that the system connected 70% of the beacons accurately. We also confirmed that the system could connect the Kanbans at a small implementation cost.

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