Emerging Issues in Developing Countries

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Issues

scholarly journals The Preparedness of the Indonesian Garment Exporters in the Post-MFA Scenario: An Analysis from the Survey

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Muchsin Shihab ◽  
Sudhir K. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Final Number ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fiber Arrangement ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Proactive Measures ◽  
Broad Objective

The clothing or garments industry has developed rapidly during the past some decades and has contributed to the economic growth of many nations, both developed and developing countries. This industry has been very much regulated by many bilateral agreements such as Multi Fiber Arrangement (MFA), a quota arrangement made by the importing countries. As MFA (quota regime) comes to an end by 2005 and integrates into the WTO regime, it will bring opportunities to highly competitive and proactive garment exporting countries whereas the challenges will be faced more by the less competitive countries. Issues related to environment and social compliance, technology requirements etc. have been brought into surface by the importing countries, which may worsen the condition. Under the above scenario, it is imperative that certain proactive measures be taken. Thus, the broad objective of this study is to analyze the response of the garment exporters from Indonesia towards the emerging issues related to environmental and social compliance, technology requirements etc. The present study is a questionnaire-based study. The samples have been selected from the Directories of largest exporters in the country. With reminders and persuasion, the final number of useable responses has been 115 Indonesian garment exporters. Seven factors of the emerging issues were identified by using factor analysis. In addition, factors of competitiveness, and the strategies adopted by the exporters have also been analyzed. The findings show that the overall perceptions of the Indonesia garment exporters indicate that Indonesia is less competitive as compared to other competing countries.

Emerging Issues: Pharmaceuticals and Patents in Developing Countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Possas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Property Law ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
China And India ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
National Capacity ◽  
Circulation Of Knowledge

This article analyses the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) debateon pharmaceuticals, an issue introduced by TRIPS, a World TradeOrganization(WTO) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual PropertyRights which included pharmaceuticals as subject to patents, equivalent toany other product in the market. Available research results indicate that patentinglife saving products, such as antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, is controversial, since itcreates a temporary monopoly and restricts circulation of knowledge, delayinginnovation and leading to a significant increase in the prices of drugs. In Brazil,in 1996, the country immediately complied to this international agreement andimplemented a National Industrial Property Law in many aspects more restrictivethan TRIPS, with detrimental impacts on the national pharmaceutical enterprises.Contrasting with the Brazilian IPR option, China and India adopteda different strategy and waited for a decade to build their national capacity forresearch and development for pharmaceuticals and ARV drugs, before decidingto comply to TRIPS. We discuss the consequences of these three different policyoptions, examining the implications of the premature compliance of Brazil toTRIPS and anticipating its possible impacts on the successful country’s policyof free and universal access to ARV.

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