Environment as the risk factor for tuberculosis in Malaysia: a systematic review of the literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Adibah Mohidem ◽  
Zailina Hashim ◽  
Malina Osman ◽  
Farrah Melissa Muharam ◽  
Saliza Mohd Elias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
Strong Conclusion ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
De Medicina

AbstractObjectiveThe probability for transmission risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) usually occurs in high density communities, crowded and enclosed spaces with inadequate ventilation. Rapid urbanization which includes substandard housing leads to various sanitation and health problems. To investigate the prevalence and incidence of TB by focusing on its environmental risk factor in Malaysia.ContentDatabases search of Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus, MyJournal, Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BIREME), BioMed Central (BMC) Public Health, Medline, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica dataBASE) OVID, and Web of Science (WoS) was performed, which include the article from 1st January 2008 until 31st August 2018 using medical subject heading (MeSH). Articles initially identified were screened for relevance.SummaryOut of 744 papers screened, nine eligible studies did meet our inclusion criteria. Prison and housing environments were evaluated for TB transmission in living environment, while the other factor was urbanization. However, not all association for these factors were statistically significant, thus assumed to be conflicting or weak to end up with a strong conclusion.OutlookUnsustainable indoor environment in high congregate setting and overcrowding remained as a challenge for TB infection in Malaysia. Risk factors for transmission of TB, specifically in high risk areas, should focus on the implementation of specialized program. Further research on health care environment, weather variability, and air pollution are urgently needed to improve the management of TB transmission.

Clinical Psychology Interventions in Primary Care

2010 ◽  
pp. 601-618
Author(s):  
Leonard J. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
Clinical Psychologist ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Primary Medical Care ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Effective Work

This chapter reviews the need for clinical psychology services that are integrated into the primary health-care environment and covers in depth the issues that an effective primary care clinical psychologist must understand to function effectively in primary care. These are understanding the primary medical care environment, recognizing the unique characteristics of primary medical care patients who seek psychological services, and the key treatment tactics and strategies necessary for effective work in a primary care environment. Recommendations are illustrated with numerous case examples adapted from the experiences of a veteran primary care clinical psychologist.

The Conundrum of Charitability: Reassessing Tax Exemption For Hospitals

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-380
Author(s):  
David A. Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do The Right Thing

Tax exemption is an ancient, honorable and expensive tradition. Tax exemption for hospitals is all of these three, but it also places in sharp focus a fundamental problem with tax exemption in general. Organizations can retain their tax exemption while changing circumstances or expectations undermine the rationale that led to the exemption in the first place. Hospitals are perhaps the best example of this problem. The dramatic changes in the health care environment have eliminated most of the characteristics of a hospital that originally persuaded the citizenry to grant it an exemption. Hospitals have entered into competition with tax-paying businesses, and have increasingly behaved like competitive actors. Such conduct may well be beneficial, but it does not follow that tax exemption is appropriate. Rather than an undifferentiated subsidy, a shift to focused goals will provide charitable hospitals with the opportunity and incentive to “do the right thing.”

Concept-based curriculum: design and implementation strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen V. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Curriculum Design ◽  
Nurse Educators ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
Nursing Curricula ◽  
Novice Nurses

AbstractObjectivesNovice nurses are struggling to exercise the critical thinking skill set needed to make competent clinical decisions in today’s complex health care environment. This poses immense threats to the health and safety of patients. To address this alarming concern, many prominent organizations have called for a widespread overhaul of nursing curricula.MethodsA consistent theme among the recommendations for revising nursing curricula is the utilization of innovative curricula designs that focus on enhancing the critical thinking ability of nursing students, such as a concept-based curriculum.ResultsPlanning and implementing a curriculum revision is an overwhelming undertaking.ConclusionsProviding nurse educators with a guide on how to transition to a concept-based curriculum may help to facilitate a course revision.

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