Stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors by saline saturated with 100% CO2 elicited an increase in mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation (VE). Microinjections of L-glutamate into a midline area 0.5-0.75 mm caudal and 0.3-0.5 mm deep with respect to the calamus scriptorius increased VE. Histological examination showed that the site was located in the commissural nucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). The presence of excitatory amino acid receptors [N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA); kainate, quisqualate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and trans 1-amino-cyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD)] in this area was demonstrated by microinjections of appropriate agonists. Simultaneous blockade of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors by combined injections of DL-2-aminophosphonoheptanoate (AP-7; 1 nmol) and 6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX; 1 nmol) abolished the responses to stimulation of carotid body on either side. Combined injections of AP-7 and DNQX did not produce a nonspecific depression of neurons because the responses to another agonist, carbachol, remained unaltered. Inhibition of the neurons in the aforementioned area with microinjections of muscimol (which hyperpolarizes neuronal cell bodies but not fibers of passage) also abolished the responses to subsequent carotid body stimulation on either side.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Postsynaptic modifications in long-term facilitation in Aplysia: upregulation of excitatory amino acid receptors
