The Creation of a World Central Bank? The Early Years of the Bank for International Settlements

2002 ◽  
pp. 159-170
Author(s):  
Harold James
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Bank For International Settlements ◽  
The Creation

Restoration and re-creation in the Eastern Han

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Astronomical Observation ◽  
Fundamental Innovation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Zhang Heng ◽  
Eastern Han ◽  
New System

We look first at the situation in the early years of the restored Han dynasty. Liu Xin’s system continued in use for more than half a century. Then, in 85 CE, Liu Xin’s system was replaced. We have records of the practical and theoretical grounds on which the old system was rejected, and of the creation and implementation of a new system. Next we follow the story of how c. 92 CE Jia Kui advocated a fundamental innovation in both theory and practice: he insisted on the ecliptic as being central to astronomical observation and calculation. The richness of records from this period makes it easy to tell a detailed story of technical innovation in its fullest context, leading up to the work of Zhang Heng (78–139 CE), for whom astronomical calculation was just one of several fields in which he gained a reputation for exceptional originality.

Unfulfilled Promise: Palestinian Family Reunification and the Right of Return

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-39
Author(s):  
Nabila El-Ahmed ◽  
Nadia Abu-Zahra
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Family Reunification ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Successor State ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Right Of Return ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Right

This article argues that Israel substituted the Palestinian refugees' internationally recognized right of return with a family reunification program during its maneuvering over admission at the United Nations following the creation of the state in May 1948. Israel was granted UN membership in 1949 on the understanding that it would have to comply with legal international requirements to ensure the return of a substantial number of the 750,000 Palestinians dispossessed in the process of establishing the Zionist state, as well as citizenship there as a successor state. However, once the coveted UN membership had been obtained, and armistice agreements signed with neighboring countries, Israel parlayed this commitment into the much vaguer family reunification program, which it proceeded to apply with Kafkaesque absurdity over the next fifty years. As a result, Palestinians made refugees first in 1948, and later in 1967, continue to be deprived of their legally recognized right to return to their homes and their homeland, and the family reunification program remains the unfulfilled promise of the early years of Israeli statehood.

Art and the Creation of Mexico’s Communist Party, 1919–1930

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
National History ◽  
Art And Politics ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Creation

Chapter 1 focuses on the founding of Mexico’s Communist Party in 1919, and the Party’s links to the influential national and international artistic movement active in Mexico throughout the 1920s. Although during these early years the Party’s official membership numbers remained relatively insignificant, this chapter argues that the extraordinary influence of these creative participants, both female and male, on the politics of the period was far from trivial. Art and politics intertwined as artists played major roles in political affairs, and government officials appropriated the arts to transmit the “official” national history.

Banishing Remains

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-50
Author(s):  
Maya Nadkarni
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
National History ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Communist Past ◽  
The City ◽  
Cover Up

This chapter narrates the early years of postsocialist transformation as Hungarians sought to make remake themselves as new national subjects amid the remains of multiple discredited pasts and failed historical trajectories. It explores how politicians, activists, and public officials initially conceptualized the problem of socialist remains in terms of physical remainders perceived to be emblematic of the former regime. Politicians, activists, and public officials battled to “spring clean” remains of the communist past in order to restore Hungary to the “authentic” course of national history. The chapter also focuses on the debates that resulted in the removal of Budapest's socialist-era statues to a Statue Park Museum on the outskirts of the city. Supporters justified the creation of the park as a democratic solution to the outrage that communist monuments inspired. Yet the removal of these statues was not a response to a crisis of defacements and public dissatisfaction, but an attempt to cover up the fact that little such crisis existed.

1. ‘GBS’

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Christopher Wixson
Keyword(s):  
Art Music ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Social Causes

‘GBS’ explores George Bernard Shaw’s early years in Dublin, the forging of his professional roots in London, and the creation of his ‘GBS’ persona. While he would often belie the extent of their influence, his earliest experiences sowed the seeds of that distinctive political and artistic Shavian sensibility. Taking up the mantle of public advocacy, the young Shaw became a sought-after tract writer, speech giver, debater, and activist crusader on behalf of a variety of social causes. He also worked as an art, music, book, and drama reviewer for a number of periodicals. For Shaw, journalism represented an opportunity to inform, inspire, and provoke the public directly.

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