Conformity Assessment Activities in the Electrical Field

Conformity assessment activities facilitate market acceptance for manufacturers, importers, exporters and traders by providing confidence that applicable requirements are being met. There is no trade without conformity assessment. There is no competitive market without standards. There is no free movement of goods without harmonisation of requirements and mutual recognition. This article presents state of the art of conformity assessment and tries to look for the future challenges of development of conformity assessment and accreditation. It is still the crucial point that market players develop a common understanding of the requirements that have to be fulfilled. On markets where free movement of goods and services is possible, another challenge is how to obtain the maximum benefits from harmonisation of standards and accredited conformity assessment activities.

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DETERMINATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE ACCREDITATION

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics ◽

10.32353/khrife.1.2019.13 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 173-190

Author(s):

V. Khosha

Keyword(s):

Accreditation Body ◽

The State ◽

National Standards ◽

Conformity Assessment ◽

Administrative Procedure ◽

Forensic Institutions ◽

Administrative Procedures ◽

European Standards ◽

Objective Basis ◽

Assessment Activities

With the declaration of independence of Ukraine, a new stage of the state has begun, accompanied by radical changes in all areas of public life. A person, his life and health, honor and dignity, integrity and security are determined by the highest social value. Therefore, the main duty of the state proclaims the assertion and protection of human rights and freedoms, for which a whole mechanism is created and functioning, each of which elements performs separate tasks in order to achieve a common goal. Forensic institutions are part of the relevant system and contribute to the establishment of objective truth in cases of violation of law, the rights and freedoms of participants in the process through an objective and fair trial or an objective basis for evaluating the results of pre-trial investigation bodies. In addition to performing these tasks, forensic institutions in Ukraine have a number of necessary conditions for carrying out conformity assessment activities, and therefore, with some transformations of the management system, technical and other improvements to meet the requirements of national standards, harmonized with relevant international and European standards in the field of assessment compliance, state specialized agencies can be accredited for compliance with the requirements of the standard ISO/IEC 17025 (as well as ISO/IEC 17020) and carry out conformity assessment activities in a specific industry. The article is devoted to the definition of administrative procedures for the accreditation of forensic institutions of Ukraine. Attention is focused on understanding the essence of administrative procedure and their place in the process of accreditation of conformity assessment bodies. The author analyzes the scientific approaches to considering the classification of the category “administrative procedure”. According to the results of the study, it can be stated that the administrative procedures for the accreditation of forensic institutions of Ukraine characterizes the procedure for authorized entities (national accreditation body of Ukraine) to carry out legally significant actions, the totality of which constitutes the legal process of accreditation; procedural requirements for these entities.

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Twenty-Third Annual Report on Federal Agency Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards and Conformity Assessment Activities

10.6028/nist.ir.8329 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nathalie Rioux

Keyword(s):

Annual Report ◽

Federal Agency ◽

Conformity Assessment ◽

Assessment Activities

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Principles of Low-Vacuum SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100131152 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1304-1305

Author(s):

Klaus-Ruediger Peters

Keyword(s):

New Technologies ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Specimen Surface ◽

Electrical Field ◽

Gaseous Environment ◽

New Information ◽

Gas Molecules ◽

New Interactions ◽

Gas Pressures

Only recently it became possible to expand scanning electron microscopy to low vacuum and atmospheric pressure through the introduction of several new technologies. In principle, only the specimen is provided with a controlled gaseous environment while the optical microscope column is kept at high vacuum. In the specimen chamber, the gas can generate new interactions with i) the probe electrons, ii) the specimen surface, and iii) the specimen-specific signal electrons. The results of these interactions yield new information about specimen surfaces not accessible to conventional high vacuum SEM. Several microscope types are available differing from each other by the maximum available gas pressure and the types of signals which can be used for investigation of specimen properties.Electrical non-conductors can be easily imaged despite charge accumulations at and beneath their surface. At high gas pressures between 10-2 and 2 torr, gas molecules are ionized in the electrical field between the specimen surface and the surrounding microscope parts through signal electrons and, to a certain extent, probe electrons. The gas provides a stable ion flux for a surface charge equalization if sufficient gas ions are provided.

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