Principles of Low-Vacuum SEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1304-1305
Author(s):  
Klaus-Ruediger Peters
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Specimen Surface ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Gaseous Environment ◽  
New Information ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
New Interactions ◽  
Gas Pressures

Only recently it became possible to expand scanning electron microscopy to low vacuum and atmospheric pressure through the introduction of several new technologies. In principle, only the specimen is provided with a controlled gaseous environment while the optical microscope column is kept at high vacuum. In the specimen chamber, the gas can generate new interactions with i) the probe electrons, ii) the specimen surface, and iii) the specimen-specific signal electrons. The results of these interactions yield new information about specimen surfaces not accessible to conventional high vacuum SEM. Several microscope types are available differing from each other by the maximum available gas pressure and the types of signals which can be used for investigation of specimen properties.Electrical non-conductors can be easily imaged despite charge accumulations at and beneath their surface. At high gas pressures between 10-2 and 2 torr, gas molecules are ionized in the electrical field between the specimen surface and the surrounding microscope parts through signal electrons and, to a certain extent, probe electrons. The gas provides a stable ion flux for a surface charge equalization if sufficient gas ions are provided.

Electron behavior in the gaseous environment of the ESEM chamber

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 838-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Wight
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Electron ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Carbon Block ◽  
Faraday Cup ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gaseous Environment ◽  
Working Distance

Measurements of electrons striking the sample in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) are needed to begin to understand the effect of the presence of the gas on analytical measurements. Accurate beam current is important to x-ray microanalysis and it is typically measured with a faraday cup. A faraday cup (Figure 1) was constructed from a carbon block embedded in non-conductive epoxy with a 45 micrometer bore platinum aperture over the hole. Currents were measured with an electrometer and recorded as instrument parameters were varied.Instrument parameters investigated included working distance, chamber pressure, condenser percentage, and accelerating voltage. The conditions studied were low vacuum with gaseous secondary electron detector (GSED) voltage on; low vacuum with GSED voltage off; and high vacuum (GSED off). The base conditions were 30 kV, 667 Pa (5 Torr) water vapor, 100,000x magnification with the beam centered inside aperture, GSED voltage at 370 VDC, condenser at 50%, and working distance at 19.5 mm. All modifications of instrument parameters were made from these conditions.

On Introducing New Information Technologies in Jurisprudence

2019 ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Mitin
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Degree Programs ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Electronic Trading ◽  
New Information ◽  
Legal Space

The article discusses the possibilities of automation of legal activities. Special attention is paid to the new branch of the business LegalTech, which allows providing legal services using information technology. Some projects in this area are briefly described: FreshDoc document designer, VideoContract app, and electronic trading platforms such as Legal Space and Pravoved.Ru. Although the legal community is not quite ready to work in such conditions, higher education institutions are already reforming their curricula, developing disciplines that allow gaining professional competence in introducing technologies that automate legal work, and so on. The author, in turn, offers using chat bots in legal clinics, gives examples of new disciplines for master’s degree programs, considers the idea of passing final examinations outside universities in certification centers, etc. It is emphasized that in jurisprudence there are a lot of typical situations in which typical decisions need to be made, and here artificial intelligence will be a good helper, and scientists will have more time to undertake a comprehensive analysis of law. Thus, even with the advent of new technologies, the creative work of lawyers will always be in demand.

scholarly journals Social distancing in public transport: mobilising new technologies for demand management under the Covid-19 crisis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hörcher ◽  
Ramandeep Singh ◽  
Daniel J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
New Information ◽  
Occupancy Rates

AbstractDense urban areas are especially hardly hit by the Covid-19 crisis due to the limited availability of public transport, one of the most efficient means of mass mobility. In light of the Covid-19 pandemic, public transport operators are experiencing steep declines in demand and fare revenues due to the perceived risk of infection within vehicles and other facilities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibilities of implementing social distancing in public transport in line with epidemiological advice. Social distancing requires effective demand management to keep vehicle occupancy rates under a predefined threshold, both spatially and temporally. We review the literature of five demand management methods enabled by new information and ticketing technologies: (i) inflow control with queueing, (ii) time and space dependent pricing, (iii) capacity reservation with advance booking, (iv) slot auctioning, and (v) tradeable travel permit schemes. Thus the paper collects the relevant literature into a single point of reference, and provides interpretation from the viewpoint of practical applicability during and after the pandemic.

THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol XIII (XIII) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
L.D. KRIVYKH ◽  
◽  
O.B. BAGRINTSEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Listening Skills ◽  
Foreign Language Teachers ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information And Communication

The article deals with the application of new technologies in teaching foreign languages. Substantiates the importance of the development of other forms and methods of teaching English to students of information technology disciplines. As well as drawing attention to the use of new information and communication technologies of the Internet. The article includes examples of the use of podcasts in the development of listening skills. The article is written for foreign language teachers, all interested in the methodology of teaching foreign languages, based on new technologies.

Prospects for the development of normmaking using information technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
A.B. Sadvakasov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
New Information ◽  
Rule Making ◽  
Consistent Approach

A consistent approach to improving the quality of draft of normative legal acts contributes to the development of socio-economic relations in the country, reducing bureaucratic procedures and generally improves public administration. The quality of rule-making and its effectiveness largely determine the implementtion of a particular state policy task. Kazakhstan has created all conditions for the development of legislation and its improvement. Moreover, measures are being taken to introduce new information technologies to adjust existing legal norms. The article describes the existing system of state rulemaking, as well as the prospects for using new technologies.

Microfluidic Gas Sensing with Living Microbial Cells Confined in a Microaquarium

2013 ◽  
Vol 543 ◽  
pp. 431-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunari Ozasa ◽  
Jee Soo Lee ◽  
Simon Song ◽  
Masahiko Hara ◽  
Mizuo Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Bacterial Chemotaxis ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Sensor Chip ◽  
Microfluidic Channels ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
On Chip

We investigated on-chip cytotoxicity gas sensing using the bacterial chemotaxis of Euglena confined in a microaquarium. The sensor chip made from PDMS had one microaquarium and two microfluidic channels passing aside of the microaquarium. The chemotactic microbial cells were confined in the microaquarium, whereas two gases (one sample and one reference) flowed in the two isolated microchannels. Gas molecules move from the microchannels into the microaquarium by permeation through porous PDMS wall, and dissolve into the water in the microaquarium, where Euglena cells are swimming. The chemotactic movements of Euglena were observed with an optical microscope and measured as traces in real time. By injecting CO2 and air into each microchannel separately, the Euglena cells in the microaquarium moved to air side, escaping from CO2. This observation showed that the concentration gradient of CO2 was produced in the water in the microaquarium. The CO2-avoiding movement of Euglena was increased largely at a CO2 concentration of 40%, and then moderately increased above 60%. Some Euglena cells stopped swimming at the air side of the microaquarium and remained there even after CO2 has been removed, which can be used as the indicator of CO2 history.

scholarly journals THE TRENDS OF INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES INTO DOCUMENTATION PROCESS MANAGEMENT IN TERMS OF SOCIETY INFORMATION

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesia S. Herasymiuk
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Process Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Document Management ◽  
Electronic Document ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Electronic Document Management ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Impact

The information, like human resources, capital, materials and technology, is one of the main resources used by the institution. Due to its increasing significance in today's society of informatization, more attention is paid to the methods of managing document processes based on documenting and documenting technologies, as well as the active use of computer technology and information technologies. Therefore, due to insufficient number of domestic works on the topic, the theory and practice of document management, in particular using the latest information technologies, is an actual and perspective direction of scientific research. The article deals with the concept of «documentation processes management».The urgency of the need of new information technologies implementation into the field of documentation support and their efficiency in administrative work has been highlighted. The objective of the study. To analyze the leading tendencies of introduction of the newest technologies in management of documentation processes in the conditions of information society. The tasks of the study are following: to disclose the content of the concept “document management”; to trace the impact of transition to electronic document management on the effectiveness of working with documents in institutions; to describe the main advantages of electronic document management systems for working with electronic documents. The results of the study confirmed that due to the continuous increase in the number of information the traditional methods of managing of documentation processes become ineffective. In terms of informatization of the society, the innovative information technologies are rapidly developing, which are rapidly being implemented into the field of documentation procedures.

scholarly journals The Role of Teachers’ ICT Skills in the Development of Scientific Views of High School Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 336-342
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
School Students ◽  
Ict Skills ◽  
New Information ◽  
Modern Learning ◽  
Ict Tools

The article discusses the development of the learning process in the new information society, the importance of using new technologies, their application in the learning process. It also emphasizes the importance of inculcating teachers’ knowledge and skills in the formation of the worldview of high school students using ICT tools, and notes that the application of new technologies in the learning process is an important feature of the modern learning process.

Survey of Information Technologies in the User Environment

2015 ◽  
pp. 84-119
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Interactive Tools ◽  
New Information ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Digital Formats

Along with the shift from print to digital formats, information technologies are significantly affecting today’s libraries. New technologies and concepts such as mobile devices, social networking sites, communication and interactive tools, and other Internet technologies are changing how libraries serve their patrons as well as how users interact with libraries and each other. Each technology has impacted the library user and the user environment so much so that today’s library is said to be everywhere. Wherever the user can go with their mobile device and access the Internet, and therefore the library OPAC, it can functionally be said that they are at the library, for the collection, user services, and library databases is where the library is located, not the brick and mortar structure. This increased access also raises concerns over online information security and privacy, and the conscious Internet user needs to be aware of the dangers and take the necessary steps to mitigate them. The concept of change is another element of these new information technologies—embracing it, for technology is always changing as new ideas spark new revolutions in development and libraries must change along with them. All information institutions must learn to ride these waves of change instead of being pulled along, half drowning, by the undertow. Learning to both integrate and inform patrons on how best to use these technologies becomes an important part of being an information expert. Surveyed in this chapter is a selection of those important and driving technologies and changes.

Private Label Sales through Catalogs with Augmented Reality

2016 ◽  
pp. 275-305
Author(s):  
Gerardo Reyes Ruiz ◽  
Samuel Olmos Peña ◽  
Marisol Hernández Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Private Label ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
New Information

New technologies have changed the way today's own label products are being offered. Today the Internet and even more the so-called social networks have played key roles in dispersing any particular product in a more efficient and dynamic sense. Also, having a smartphone and a wireless high-speed network are no longer a luxury or a temporary fad, but rather a necessity for the new generations. These technological advances and new marketing trends have not gone unnoticed by the medium and large stores. The augmented reality applied to interactive catalogs is a new technology that supports the adding of virtual reality to a real environment which in turn makes it a tool for discovering new uses, forms, and in this case, spending habits. The challenge for companies with their private labels in achieving their business objectives, is providing customers with products and services of the highest quality, thus promoting the efficient and streamlined use of all resources that are accounted for and at the same time promoting the use of new information technologies as a strategic competitive.

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