Cooperation of small farms in agriculture complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan

AbstractThe objectives of the present study were to determine the production performances of sows on commercial pig farms in the Republic of Macedonia, to compare the differences in sow productivity data between small and large farms and to examine interrelationships of key production parameters among farms with different sizes. The study was retrospectively based and included the annual (2012) analyses of the sow productivity data in small (<200 sows, n=4) and large (200-1000 sows, n=5) commercial pig farms. The data was statistically evaluated and compared with the known literature. Sows productivity was greater on the small farms compared to the large ones. The small farms had larger litter per sow (PBL), more pigs born alive (PBA), higher weaning weight (WW) and more pigs weaned per sow per litter (PWSL) than the large ones (p<0.001). Small farms also had greater farrowing rate (FR) (p<0.01). Higher replacement rate (RR), lower average parity (AP), greater number of litters per sow per year (LSY) and higher sow death rate (SDR) were observed in large farms (p<0.001). The large farms also had less non-productive days (NPD) than the small farms (p<0.001). Different intensity of correlations also were observed for several productive parameters among the farm groups. The data obtained in this study show that sow productivity on Macedonian pig farms is lower than in EU countries. Small herds are more efficient than the large herds. Despite all limitations, our study provides information for veterinarians regarding reproductive parameters of sows and their interrelationships on Macedonian pig farms. Further investigation should be made in order to identify whether specific management factors have effect on the productivity of the breeding herd.

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Large and small farms in the agriculture of the Republic of Serbia

Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke ◽

10.2298/zmsdn0723205p ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 205-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Radovan Pejanovic

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

Farm Size ◽

Medium Size ◽

Small Farms ◽

Agrarian Policy ◽

Starting Point ◽

The Republic ◽

The Developed Countries

The author deals with the current issue of the farm size in agriculture Thereby the starting point of the author is the experience of the developed countries of the EU, in which the policy of agglomeration has been implemented successfully for a long time. In the agrarian structure of these countries there coexist large, medium size, and small farms, which find their place and play a significant role in the division of labour and in the accompanying specialization within the concept of the integral rural development. Serbia is characterized by an unfavourable property structure on the one hand, and on the other hand by the uncompleted privatization and reconstructuring of agricultural enterprises and cooperatives. The agrarian policy has failed to solve the problem of our agricultural subjects which has resulted in the crisis in both agriculture and rural areas. Measures and activities which would contribute to finding the solution to these problems are required.

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Time and Latitude in South Africa

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100026816 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 27-38

Author(s):

J. Hers

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cape Town ◽

Astronomical Observations ◽

Royal Observatory ◽

The Republic ◽

Astronomical Determination ◽

Limited Accuracy ◽

Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

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