scholarly journals Lehetséges összefüggés egy autizmusspektrum-zavarban érintett gyermek metilfenidát-kezelése és az azt követően kialakult gynaecomastia között

2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (42) ◽  
pp. 1703-1708
Author(s):  
Nóra Kollárovics ◽  
Péter Nagy ◽  
Judit Balázs

Összefoglaló. Bár a figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitási zavar kezelése során alkalmazott metilfenidát-monoterápiával összefüggésben jelentkező gynaecomastiáról bizonyos nemkívánatos hatások adatbázisai beszámolnak, a szakirodalom áttekintése alapján ez idáig mindössze 5 esettanulmányt publikáltak a témában. Tanulmányunkban egy autizmusspektrum-zavarral és figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitási zavarral egyaránt diagnosztizált gyermek esetét mutatjuk be, akinél 6 hónapon át tartó, folyamatos metilfenidát-monoterápiájával összefüggésben kétoldali gynaecomastia kialakulását tapasztaltuk. A kezelés azonnali leállítása mellett 10 napos klomifénkezelés történt. A metilfenidát-terápia azonnali leállítását követően 14 nappal a gynaecomastia mindkét oldalon visszahúzódott. 3 hónapos, gyermekpszichiátriai szempontból gyógyszermentes időszakot követően a metilfenidát-terápia újraindítása történt, de 1 hónap elteltével a nem kívánt mellékhatás ismét jelentkezett. A metilfenidát-terápia és a gynaecomastia kialakulása közötti kapcsolat számos mechanizmussal kapcsolatban kérdéseket vet fel. Gyermekpszichiátriai szempontból érdekes kérdés, hogy releváns lehet-e a gyógyszeres terápia következményeként kialakuló nemkívánatos mellékhatás megjelenésében az autizmusspektrum-zavar és a figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitási zavar komorbid fennállása. A jelenség hátterében felmerül továbbá a neuroendokrin-immunológiai rendszer szabályozásának esetleges megváltozása. Esettanulmányunk felhívja a gyakorló orvoskollégák figyelmét a metilfenidát-terápia alkalmazása mellett potenciálisan kialakuló gynaecomastia monitorozására. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(42): 1703–1708. Summary. Although gynecomastia associated with methylphenidate monotherapy in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has already been reported in some adverse event databases, based on a review of the literature it appears that only five case reports have been published. In our study, we present the case of a child diagnosed with both autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, who developed bilateral gynecomastia in association with continuous methylphenidate monotherapy for 6 months. With immediate cessation of methylphenidate therapy, clomiphene treatment was given for 10 days. A total of 14 days after cessation of methylphenidate treatment gynecomastia receded on both sides. After a methylphenidate drug-free period of 3 months, methylphenidate therapy was restarted, but 1 month later the side effect reappeared. The relationship between methylphenidate and the development of gynecomastia raises questions about a number of mechanisms. From a child psychiatrist point of view, it is an interesting question whether the presence of comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder may be relevant in the onset of adverse events by medication. The phenomenon may also be caused by altered regulation of the neuroendocrine-immune system. Our case report draws the attention of practicing physicians to monitoring of potential gynecomastia during methylphenidate therapy. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(42): 1703–1708.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Serena Piccardi ◽  
◽  
Jannath Begum Ali ◽  
Emily J. H. Jones ◽  
Luke Mason ◽  
...  

Abstract Backgrounds Atypicalities in tactile processing are reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but it remains unknown if they precede and associate with the traits of these disorders emerging in childhood. We investigated behavioural and neural markers of tactile sensory processing in infants at elevated likelihood of ASD and/or ADHD compared to infants at typical likelihood of the disorders. Further, we assessed the specificity of associations between infant markers and later ASD or ADHD traits. Methods Ninety-one 10-month-old infants participated in the study (n = 44 infants at elevated likelihood of ASD; n = 20 infants at elevated likelihood of ADHD; n = 9 infants at elevated likelihood of ASD and ADHD; n = 18 infants at typical likelihood of the disorders). Behavioural and EEG responses to pairs of tactile stimuli were experimentally recorded and concurrent parental reports of tactile responsiveness were collected. ASD and ADHD traits were measured at 24 months through standardized assessment (ADOS-2) and parental report (ECBQ), respectively. Results There was no effect of infants’ likelihood status on behavioural markers of tactile sensory processing. Conversely, increased ASD likelihood associated with reduced neural repetition suppression to tactile input. Reduced neural repetition suppression at 10 months significantly predicted ASD (but not ADHD) traits at 24 months across the entire sample. Elevated tactile sensory seeking at 10 months moderated the relationship between early reduced neural repetition suppression and later ASD traits. Conclusions Reduced tactile neural repetition suppression is an early marker of later ASD traits in infants at elevated likelihood of ASD or ADHD, suggesting that a common pathway to later ASD traits exists despite different familial backgrounds. Elevated tactile sensory seeking may act as a protective factor, mitigating the relationship between early tactile neural repetition suppression and later ASD traits.


Author(s):  
Karen Bearss ◽  
Aaron J. Kaat

This chapter will review the available evidence on individuals with co-occurring diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This chapter contends that children diagnosed with both disorders (ASD+ADHD) are a subset of the ASD population that is at risk for delayed recognition of their ASD diagnosis, poor treatment response, and poorer functional outcomes compared to those with ASD without ADHD. Specifically, the chapter highlights the best estimates of the prevalence of the comorbidity, the developmental trajectory of people with co-occurring ASD and ADHD, how ADHD symptoms change across development, overlapping genetic and neurobiological risk factors, psychometrics of ADHD diagnostic instruments in an ASD population, neuropsychological and functional impairments associated with co-occurring ASD and ADHD, and the current state of evidence-based treatment for both ASD and ADHD symptoms. Finally, the chapter discusses fruitful avenues of research for improving understanding of this high-risk comorbidity so that mechanism-to-treatment pathways for ADHD in children with ASD can be better developed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Johansson ◽  
Sven Sandin ◽  
Zheng Chang ◽  
Mark J. Taylor ◽  
Paul Lichtenstein ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Clinical studies found that medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is effective in coexisting autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but current research is based on small clinical studies mainly performed on children or adolescents. We here use register data to examine if individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD present differences in the prescribing patterns of ADHD medication when compared to individuals with pure ADHD. Methods Data with information on filled prescriptions and diagnoses was retrieved from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register and the National Patient Register. We identified 34,374 individuals with pure ADHD and 5012 individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD, aged between 3 and 80 years. The first treatment episode with ADHD medications (≥ 2 filled prescriptions within 90 days) and daily doses of methylphenidate during a 3-year period was measured. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the likelihood of being prescribed ADHD medication in individuals with and without ASD and Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare group differences in dose per day. Results Individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD were less likely to start continuous treatment with ADHD medication (ADHD 80.5%; ADHD with ASD 76.2%; OR, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.86), were less likely to be prescribed methylphenidate, and were more commonly prescribed second line treatments such as dexamphetamine, amphetamine, or modafinil. No group difference was observed for atomoxetine. In adults with ADHD and coexisting ASD, methylphenidate was prescribed in lower daily doses over three years as compared to individuals with pure ADHD. Conclusions The findings indicate that there are differences in the medical treatment of individuals with or without ASD. If these differences are due to different medication responses in ASD or due to other factors such as clinicians’ perceptions of medication effects in patients with ASD, needs to be further studied.


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