Discrimination by the Pupal Parasite Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Between Live and Freeze Killed House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae

Live house fly pupae were suitable as hosts for Spalangia cameroni Perkins at all age classes tested. However, no parasite emergence occurred from house fly pupae freeze-killed when 12 h old and very limited emergence occurred for pupae freeze-killed when 132 h old. Furthermore, significantly more parasites emerged from hosts that were alive when parasitized when compared with freeze-killed hosts parasitized under similar conditions. In choice experiments, S. cameroni exhibited a strong preference for live hosts over freeze-killed hosts at all parasite-to-host ratios. It does not appear that freeze-killed hosts will be useful as a survey tool or as a method for field propagation of S. cameroni as they are for other species of pteromalids.

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Rearing and Release of the House Fly Pupal Parasite Spalangia endius Walker12

Environmental Entomology ◽

10.1093/ee/4.4.609 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 609-611 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Philip B. Morgan ◽

R. S. Patterson ◽

G. C. Labrecque ◽

D. E. Weidhaas ◽

A. Benton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

House Fly ◽

Spalangia Endius ◽

Pupal Parasite

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Mycophagy as a factor limiting predation of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) by staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in cereals

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300053207 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 25-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

P. Dennis ◽

S. D. Wratten ◽

N. W. Sotherton

Keyword(s):

Food Choice ◽

Foraging Behaviour ◽

Consumption Rate ◽

Food Preferences ◽

Choice Experiments ◽

Food Density ◽

Age Classes ◽

Powdery Mildews ◽

Grain Aphid ◽

Total Food

AbstractPrevious work demonstrated the potential of the staphylinids Tachyporus hypnorum (Fabricius), T. chrysomelinus (Linnaeus), T. obtusus (Linnaeus) and Philonthus cognatus (Stephens) to feed on the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). However, gut dissection and observations of foraging behaviour showed that mycophagy could be a factor influencing the potential of Tachyporus spp. to control aphids. The main fungal material detected in the guts of Tachyporus spp. was spores (conidia) of Erysiphe spp. (powdery mildews). In the present study, numbers of conidia (pustules of mildew on leaf-sections) were offered with aphids in food-choice experiments to test how fungal food affected feeding on aphids by these staphylinids. An index of food preference was calculated for each species, sex and for two age classes of larvae, based on the number of conidia and aphids remaining after feeding. Results showed a preference for mildew conidia by T. hypnorum, no preference by T. chrysomelinus and Tachyporus spp. larvae and a preference for aphids by T. obtusus and P. cognatus (adults and larvae). Food-preferences compared well with dietary composition in recent studies of field collected staphylinids. Futhermore, a functional response was detected to increasing numbers of mildew conidia presented (in mildew only consumption-rate experiments) and to the increase in total food density in food-choice experiments. Mycophagy limited aphid predation and explained the numerical response of staphylinid beetles to areas of cereals with high aphid densities, whilst, in other studies, the proportion of aphids eaten by those beetles did not increase.

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DISCRIMINATION BY THE PUPAL PARASITE MUSCIDIFURAX ZARAPTOR1 FOR LIVE AND FREEZE-KILLED HOUSE FLY2 PUPAE3

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-21.1.52 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 52-55

Author(s):

J. J. Petersen ◽

B. M. Pawson ◽

D. R. Guzman

Keyword(s):

House Fly ◽

Natural Host ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Pupal Parasite ◽

High Parasite

Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner was able to discriminate between live and freeze-killed house fly pupae at low parasite-to-host ratios (1:40) and preferred live hosts. As the parasite-host ratio and resulting rates of parasitism increased, a greater preference was shown for live hosts. However, high parasite-host ratios (1:5) where levels of parasitism reached the upper limits in live hosts (65 – 70%), discrimination disappeared suggesting that less suitable freeze-killed hosts were selected as hosts over previously stung but unparasitized live hosts. Freeze-killed house fly pupae may be useful in measuring natural Muscidifurax activity especially during periods of low natural host populations and may provide a ready host source in conjunction with parasite releases.

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Role of dietary preferences in the weaning pattern of the rat

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1984.246.1.r96 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 246 (1) ◽

pp. R96-R101

Author(s):

H. H. Blake ◽

C. T. Okuhara ◽

S. J. Henning

Keyword(s):

Choice Experiments ◽

Liquid Diet ◽

Strong Preference ◽

Gradual Transition ◽

Behavioral Testing ◽

Dietary Preferences ◽

Behavioral Studies

Weaning in the rat begins on postnatal day 17 and is completed by day 26. To evaluate the contribution of dietary preferences and/or aversions to weaning progression, choice experiments utilizing isocaloric liquid diets were conducted. In experiment 1, both consumption records and behavioral studies showed that pups choosing between two diets differing only in the nature of the carbohydrate (CHO) (glucose vs. lactose) had a strong preference for the glucose diet. In experiment 2, pups chose between diets differing in the relative proportions of CHO and fat. When the CHO was glucose, the preference was for the high-CHO diet, whereas when the CHO was lactose, the preference was for the low-CHO diet. The sweetness preference and/or lactose aversion of these experiments was present from day 17 onward and therefore cannot explain the gradual transition seen in normal weaning. In experiment 3, behavioral testing showed that pups choosing between suckling from their anesthetized dam or drinking a liquid diet strongly preferred to suckle at day 17 but to drink by day 24. The gradual transition displayed in this experiment suggests that the decline of interest in suckling plays an important role in the process of weaning.

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Structural Aspects of Phonological Development

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.1901.05 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 5-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Karen E. Pollock ◽

Richard G. Schwartz

Keyword(s):

Clinical Management ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

Strong Preference ◽

Phonological Development ◽

Structural Position ◽

Phonological Disorders ◽

Syllabic Structure ◽

The Relationship ◽

Structural Aspects ◽

Target Words

The relationship between syllabic structure and segmental development was examined longitudinally in a child with a severe phonological disorder. Six speech samples were collected over a 4-year period (3:5 to 7:3). Analyses revealed gradual increases in the complexity and diversity of the syllable structures produced, and positional preferences for sounds within these forms. With a strong preference for [d] and [n] at the beginning of syllables, other consonants appeared first at the end of syllables. Implications for clinical management of phonological disorders include the need to consider both structural position and structural complexity in assessing segmental skills and in choosing target words for intervention.

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