Structural Aspects of Phonological Development

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Pollock ◽  
Richard G. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Syllabic Structure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structural Aspects ◽  
Target Words

The relationship between syllabic structure and segmental development was examined longitudinally in a child with a severe phonological disorder. Six speech samples were collected over a 4-year period (3:5 to 7:3). Analyses revealed gradual increases in the complexity and diversity of the syllable structures produced, and positional preferences for sounds within these forms. With a strong preference for [d] and [n] at the beginning of syllables, other consonants appeared first at the end of syllables. Implications for clinical management of phonological disorders include the need to consider both structural position and structural complexity in assessing segmental skills and in choosing target words for intervention.

Relationships Between Nonword Repetition Accuracy and Other Measures of Linguistic Development in Children With Phonological Disorders

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Munson ◽  
Jan Edwards ◽  
Mary E. Beckman
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Production Problems ◽  
Repetition Task

A growing body of research has documented effects of phonotactic probability on young children's nonword repetition. This study extends this research in 2 ways. First, it compares nonword repetitions by 40 young children with phonological disorders with those by 40 same-age peers with typical phonological development on a nonword repetition task in which the frequency of embedded diphone sequences was varied. Second, it examines the relationship between the frequency effect in the nonword repetition task and other measures of linguistic ability in these children. Children in both groups repeated low-frequency sequences less accurately than high-frequency sequences. The children with phonological disorders were less accurate overall but showed no larger disadvantage for the low-frequency sequences than their age peers. Across the group, the size of the frequency effect was correlated with vocabulary size, but it was independent of measures of speech perception and articulatory ability. These results support the hypothesis that the production difficulty associated with low/frequency sequences is related primarily to vocabulary growth rather than to developments in articulatory or perceptual ability. By contrast, production problems experienced by children with phonological disorders do not appear to result from difficulties in making abstractions over known lexical items. Instead, they may be associated with difficulties in building representations in the primary sensory and motor domains.

RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS OF WORK MOTIVATION AND PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP TO UNDERSTAND FUNCTIONAL EMPLOYMENT BEHAVIOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Abdul Rivai
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Participative Leadership ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Good Relationship ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
Participatory Leadership ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to determine and understand the relationship between work motivation and participatory leadership with the work behavior of the Functional Staff of the Education and Culture Office of East Nusa Tenggara Province because the Province of East Nusa Tenggara is one of the provinces whose development and growth is relatively slower compared to other provinces in Indonesia. The study population was the functional staff who did not have a structural position of 94 people. Samples were taken as many as 75 people. Data collection using a questionnaire instrument.Based on hypothesis testing, this study found: (1) there was a relationship between work motivation and work behavior in which work motivation contributed 49.29% to work behavior, (2) there was a positive relationship between participative leadership and work behavior in which participative leadership contributed 51.49% of work behavior, and there is a positive relationship between work motivation and participatory leadership together with work behavior. Where work motivation and participatory leadership together contribute 67.01% to work behavior. From the three findings, the conclusions of this study are stated that: (a) Work behavior provides a good relationship to increase work motivation, (b) Work behavior can be improved by considering participatory leadership, by involving employees in every decision making, respecting opinions and proposals employees, and enhance collaboration.

The Non-Causal Character of Renormalization Group Explanations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Renormalization Group ◽  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Mathematical Explanation ◽  
Causal Status ◽  
Physical Information ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structural Aspects

After reviewing some of the recent literature on non-causal and mathematical explanation, this chapter develops an argument as to why renormalization group (RG) methods should be seen as providing non-causal, yet physical, information about certain kinds of systems/phenomena. The argument centres on the structural character of RG explanations and the relationship between RG and probability theory. These features are crucial for the claim that the non-causal status of RG explanations involves something different from simply ignoring or “averaging over” microphysical details—the kind of explanations common to statistical mechanics. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of RG in treating dynamical systems and how that role exemplifies the structural aspects of RG explanations which in turn exemplifies the non-causal features.

The role of production practice in lexical and phonological development – a commentary on Stoel-Gammon's ‘Relationships between lexical and phonological development in young children’*

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARILYN VIHMAN ◽  
TAMAR KEREN-PORTNOY
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Phonological Learning ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
The Relationship

Carol Stoel-Gammon has made a real contribution in bringing together two fields that are not generally jointly addressed. Like Stoel-Gammon, we have long focused on individual differences in phonological development (e.g. Vihman, Ferguson & Elbert, 1986; Vihman, Boysson-Bardies, Durand & Sundberg, 1994; Keren-Portnoy, Majorano & Vihman, 2008). And like her, we have been closely concerned with the relationship between lexical and phonological learning. Accordingly, we will focus our discussion on two areas covered by Stoel-Gammon (this issue) on which our current work may shed some additional light.

scholarly journals Understanding the Relationship Between Crown Shape and Size and Structural Complexity of Individual Trees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninni Saarinen ◽  
Kim Calders ◽  
Ville Kankare ◽  
Tuomas Yrttimaa ◽  
Samuli Junttila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shape And Size

scholarly journals A Latent Variable Model for Learning Distributional Relation Vectors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Camacho-Collados ◽  
Luis Espinosa-Anke ◽  
Shoaib Jameel ◽  
Steven Schockaert
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Word Embedding ◽  
Latent Variable Model ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unsupervised Approaches ◽  
Target Words

Recently a number of unsupervised approaches have been proposed for learning vectors that capture the relationship between two words. Inspired by word embedding models, these approaches rely on co-occurrence statistics that are obtained from sentences in which the two target words appear. However, the number of such sentences is often quite small, and most of the words that occur in them are not relevant for characterizing the considered relationship. As a result, standard co-occurrence statistics typically lead to noisy relation vectors. To address this issue, we propose a latent variable model that aims to explicitly determine what words from the given sentences best characterize the relationship between the two target words. Relation vectors then correspond to the parameters of a simple unigram language model which is estimated from these words.

scholarly journals Low VWF: insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 3191-3199 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
Choice Of Therapy

Abstract von Willebrand disease (VWD) constitutes the most common inherited human bleeding disorder. Partial quantitative von Willebrand factor (VWF) deficiency is responsible for the majority of VWD cases. International guidelines recommend that patients with mild to moderate reductions in plasma VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) levels (typically in the range of 30-50 IU/dL) should be diagnosed with low VWF. Over the past decade, a series of large cohort studies have provided significant insights into the biological mechanisms involved in type 1 VWD (plasma VWF:Ag levels <30 IU/dL). In striking contrast, however, the pathogenesis underpinning low VWF has remained poorly understood. Consequently, low VWF patients continue to present significant clinical challenges with respect to genetic counseling, diagnosis, and management. For example, there is limited information regarding the relationship between plasma VWF:Ag levels and bleeding phenotype in subjects with low VWF. In addition, it is not clear whether patients with low VWF need treatment. For those patients with low VWF in whom treatment is deemed necessary, the optimal choice of therapy remains unknown. However, a number of recent studies have provided important novel insights into these clinical conundrums and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the reduced levels observed in low VWF patients. These emerging clinical and scientific findings are considered in this review, with particular focus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management of low VWF.

Does successful small-scale coordination help or hinder coordination at larger scales?

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Frey ◽  
Robert L. Goldstone
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Experimental Game ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Coordination Behavior ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract An individual can interact with the same set of people over many different scales simultaneously. Four people might interact as a group of four and, at the same time, in pairs and triads. What is the relationship between different parallel interaction scales, and how might those scales themselves interact? We devised a four-player experimental game, the Modular Stag Hunt, in which participants chose not just whether to coordinate, but with whom, and at what scale. Our results reveal coordination behavior with such a strong preference for dyads that undermining pairwise coordination actually improves group-scale outcomes. We present these findings as experimental evidence for competition, as opposed to complementarity, between different possible scales of multi-player coordination. This result undermines a basic premise of approaches, like those of network science, that fail to model the interacting effects of dyadic, triadic, and group-scale structures on group outcomes.

Interactions between lexical and phonological development: cross-linguistic and contextual considerations – a commentary on Stoel-Gammon's ‘Relationships between lexical and phonological development in young children’

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE DEMUTH
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Phonological Acquisition ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Early Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Phonological System

Stoel-Gammon (this issue) provides a welcome addition to the phonological acquisition literature, bringing together insights from long-standing and more recent research to address the relationship between the developing phonological system and the developing lexicon. A growing literature on children's early use of words across languages and phonological contexts provides additional insight into the nature of the interactions between phonological and lexical development, suggesting that learners' knowledge and connection of the two may develop much earlier than often thought. This commentary highlights some of these exciting results from recent cross-linguistic research on development between the ages of 1 and 3.

Contextual and Linguistic Correlates of Intelligibility in Children With Developmental Phonological Disorders

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1316-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey D. Weston ◽  
Lawrence D. Shriberg
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Grammatical Form ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Word Position ◽  
Syllabic Structure ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Phonological Complexity

Listeners' glosses of children's intended words provided data for two studies of the potential influence of selected contextual and linguistic variables on word intelligibility. Several regularities associated with the occurrence of unintelligible words were identified. In Study I, intelligibility outcomes were associated with utterance length and fluency, word position, intelligibility of adjacent words, phonological complexity, and grammatical form. In Study II, intelligibility outcomes were associated with phonological complexity, syllabic structure, and grammatical form. Discussion considers the implications of these and other regularities associated with the occurrence of unintelligible words for a comprehensive perspective on the utterance-to-utterance intelligibility deficits of children with phonological disorders of unknown origin.

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