Role of dietary preferences in the weaning pattern of the rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. R96-R101
Author(s):  
H. H. Blake ◽  
C. T. Okuhara ◽  
S. J. Henning
Keyword(s):  
Choice Experiments ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Behavioral Studies

Weaning in the rat begins on postnatal day 17 and is completed by day 26. To evaluate the contribution of dietary preferences and/or aversions to weaning progression, choice experiments utilizing isocaloric liquid diets were conducted. In experiment 1, both consumption records and behavioral studies showed that pups choosing between two diets differing only in the nature of the carbohydrate (CHO) (glucose vs. lactose) had a strong preference for the glucose diet. In experiment 2, pups chose between diets differing in the relative proportions of CHO and fat. When the CHO was glucose, the preference was for the high-CHO diet, whereas when the CHO was lactose, the preference was for the low-CHO diet. The sweetness preference and/or lactose aversion of these experiments was present from day 17 onward and therefore cannot explain the gradual transition seen in normal weaning. In experiment 3, behavioral testing showed that pups choosing between suckling from their anesthetized dam or drinking a liquid diet strongly preferred to suckle at day 17 but to drink by day 24. The gradual transition displayed in this experiment suggests that the decline of interest in suckling plays an important role in the process of weaning.

scholarly journals Acid inhibition by intestinal nutrients mediated by CCK-A receptors but not plasma CCK

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (4) ◽  
pp. G924-G930 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Kent Lloyd ◽  
Jiafang Wang ◽  
Travis E. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Acid Inhibition ◽  
Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
The Individual

We examined the role of CCK-A receptors in acid inhibition by intestinal nutrients. Gastric acid and plasma CCK and gastrin levels were measured in rats with gastric and duodenal fistulas during intragastric 8% peptone and duodenal perfusion with saline, complete liquid diet (CLD; 20% carbohydrate, 6% fat, and 5% protein), and the individual components of CLD. Acid output was significantly inhibited (50–60%) by CLD, lipid, and dextrose. Plasma CCK was significantly increased by CLD (from 2.6 ± 0.3 to 4.8 ± 0.5 pM) and lipid (4.6 ± 0.5 pM). CCK levels 50-fold higher (218 ± 33 pM) were required to achieve similar acid inhibition by exogenous CCK-8 (10 nmol · kg−1 · h−1 iv). Intestinal soybean trypsin inhibitor elevated CCK (10.9 ± 2.5 pM) without inhibiting acid secretion. The CCK-A antagonist MK-329 (1 mg/kg iv) reversed acid inhibition caused by CLD, lipid, and dextrose. Peptone-stimulated gastrin (21.7 ± 1.9 pM) was significantly inhibited by CLD (14.5 ± 3.6 pM), lipid (12.3 ± 2.2 pM), and dextrose (11.9 ± 1.5 pM). Lipid and carbohydrate inhibit acid secretion by activating CCK-A receptors but not by altering plasma CCK concentrations.

scholarly journals Dexterous Object Manipulation Requires Context-Dependent Sensorimotor Cortical Interactions in Humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 3087-3101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranav J Parikh ◽  
Justin M Fine ◽  
Marco Santello
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Object Manipulation ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Online Feedback ◽  
Digit Position

Abstract Dexterous object manipulation is a hallmark of human evolution and a critical skill for everyday activities. A previous work has used a grasping context that predominantly elicits memory-based control of digit forces by constraining where the object should be grasped. For this “constrained” grasping context, the primary motor cortex (M1) is involved in storage and retrieval of digit forces used in previous manipulations. In contrast, when choice of digit contact points is allowed (“unconstrained” grasping), behavioral studies revealed that forces are adjusted, on a trial-to-trial basis, as a function of digit position. This suggests a role of online feedback of digit position for force control. However, despite the ubiquitous nature of unconstrained hand–object interactions in activities of daily living, the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. Using noninvasive brain stimulation, we found the role of primary motor cortex (M1) and somatosensory cortex (S1) to be sensitive to grasping context. In constrained grasping, M1 but not S1 is involved in storing and retrieving learned digit forces and position. In contrast, in unconstrained grasping, M1 and S1 are involved in modulating digit forces to position. Our findings suggest that the relative contribution of memory and online feedback modulates sensorimotor cortical interactions for dexterous manipulation.

DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN EU STRUCTURAL FUNDS PROJECTS IN LATVIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Ilga Vasiļjeva
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Document Management ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Project Proposal ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Eu Structural Funds ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

The role of the EU Structural Funds in the national economy of Latvia is significant, yet document management problems in the projects funded by the EU Structural Funds have been little researched. In the period 2007-2019, a gradual transition to electronic project document management occurred in Latvia. The present research performed a comparative analysis of tender documents submitted for ERDF calls for project proposals for the programming periods of 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. The research found that the range of tender documents for ERDF calls for project proposals to be submitted by organisations is strictly regulated in a particular period, yet there are general instructions on how to prepare documents in accordance with the relevant legal framework of the Republic of Latvia. Organisations have to create document management systems to enhance the preparation and management of ERDF project proposal documents.

The Role of Liquid Diet in the Management of Small Bowel Crohnʼs Disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
Petar Mamula ◽  
Robert N. Baldassano
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Liquid Diet

Spatial and Temporal Interaction in Tactile Adaptation

1971 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amiram Carmon ◽  
Stanley Finger
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Large Series ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Adaptation Time ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Neural Inhibition ◽  
Temporal Interaction

Adaptation to 1 weight was examined as a function of the temporal parameters of a spatially discrete second weight in three behavioral studies in which large series of trials in multiple sessions were presented to each of 3 Ss. A positive relation between adaptation time and stimulus intensity was observed, but the preceding weight served to decrease adaptation time to the test stimuli in all experiments. The role of neural inhibition in pressure adapation is discussed.

scholarly journals Interactional and Cognitive Mechanisms in the Evolution of (Proto)language(s)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pleyer
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Interactive Nature ◽  
Cumulative Cultural Evolution

This paper discusses the role of interactional and cognitive mechanisms in the emergence of (proto-)linguistic structures and the evolution of (proto)language(s) from the perspective of usage-based and constructionist approaches. Both the social, interactive nature of human communication and the enchronic, interactional timescale have received increasing attention in investigations of how structure emerges in the complex adaptive system of language, which operates across multiple timescales and is shaped by multiple different factors. This has also led to an increasing focus on the mechanisms involved in the dialogic co-construction of structure and meaning in interaction. These include ad hoc constructionalization, interactive alignment, conceptual pacts, reuse and modification, and local forms of entrenchment, routinisation and schematisation. Interactional and cognitive mechanisms like these not only play a crucial role in the emergence of structure in modern languages. They can also help explain how the first (proto)constructions came into being in hominin interaction. Frequently re-occuring, temporary, local (proto)constructions acquired increasing degrees of entrenchment, which led to their subsequent diffusion throughout hominin communities. They were then subject to processes of conventionalisation and cumulative cultural evolution. This process is hypothesised to eventually have led to the gradual transition from protolanguage to language.

scholarly journals The Role of Low-calorie Sweeteners in Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A Johnston ◽  
Brian Stevens ◽  
John P Foreyt ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Prevention ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Diabetes Research ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Health Goals

As the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes continue to rise, the identification of components that contribute to or are associated with this disease has become a priority. One of the main factors that has been linked to type 2 diabetes is excessive weight gain, and reduction in weight has been recommended for both diabetes prevention and management. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) provide an alternative to added sugars and may facilitate weight loss or maintenance by limiting caloric intake. Considerable attention has been given to the role of LCS and their relationship to type 2 diabetes. Research suggests that LCS can serve an important role in diabetes prevention and management. Substituting sugars with LCS provides patients with type 2 diabetes considerable flexibility in their health goals and personal dietary preferences.

scholarly journals The Impact of The Pandemic on The Economy of The Republic of Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Baykhonov Bahodirjon Tursunbaevich ◽  
Mullabayev Baxtiyarjon Bulturbayevich ◽  
Abdul Rahmat
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange Market ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Exchange Market ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Budget Planning ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Enterprises

In recent years, a number of radical reforms aimed at liberalizing the socioeconomic spheres of the country have been consistently carried out. In particular, a number of reforms aimed at liberalizing the foreign exchange market, tax reform aimed at increasing incomes and stimulating production, the gradual transition to medium term budget planning, reducing the role of inflation targeting in the economy, gradual privatization of state enterprises and the introduction of market mechanisms continue.

scholarly journals The Future of Parallel Tumor and Germline Genetic Testing: Is There a Role for All Patients With Cancer?

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 871-878
Author(s):  
Ying L. Liu ◽  
Zsofia K. Stadler
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Traditional Paradigm ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Germline Testing

Under the traditional paradigm of genetic testing in cancer, the role of germline testing was to assess for the inherited risk of cancer, whereas the role of tumor testing was to determine therapeutic selection. Parallel tumor-normal genetic testing uses simultaneous genetic testing of the tumor and normal tissue to identify mutations and allows their classification as either germline or somatic. The increasing adoption of parallel testing has revealed a greater number of germline findings in patients who otherwise would not have met clinical criteria for testing. This result has widespread implications for the screening and further testing of at-risk relatives and for gene discovery. It has also revealed the importance of germline testing in therapeutic actionability. Herein, we describe the pros and cons of tumor-only versus parallel tumor-normal testing and summarize the data on the prevalence of incidental actionable germline findings. Because germline testing in patients with cancer continues to expand, it is imperative that systems be in place for the proper interpretation, dissemination, and counseling for patients and at-risk relatives. We also review new therapeutic approvals with germline indications and highlight the increasing importance of germline testing in selecting therapies. Because recommendations for universal genetic testing are increasing in multiple cancer types and the number of approved therapies with germline indications is also increasing, a gradual transition toward parallel tumor-normal genetic testing in all patients with cancer is foreseeable.

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