Radiographic Mensuration of Caudal Vena Cava, Aorta, Vertebral Length and Fourth Rib Width and Ascertaining their Ratios in Healthy Dogs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Arya ◽  
S.P. Tyagi ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Adarsh Kumar ◽  
Surender Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Diagnostic Modality ◽  
Descending Aorta ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fourth Rib

Background: Caudal vena cava generally travels from the abdominal cavity to the right atrium and visible on lateral thoracic radiograph. Dilation of Caudal vena cava is generally considered as an abnormality for diagnosis of right-side heart failure. Normal range of ratio of caudal vena cava to associated structures can help in differentiating normal dogs from abnormal dogs. The present study was aimed to find such ratio in normal dogs and their clinical relevance. Methods: The present study was conducted on 19 healthy dogs of either sex belonging to different age-groups presented to the Department. They were anaesthetized and subjected to thoracic radiography in standard positions. The width of caudal vena cava (CVC), the descending aorta (AO), right fourth thoracic rib (R4) and the length of thoracic vertebrae (VL) were measured in left lateral (LeL) radiographic views to calculate ratios like CVC/AO, CVC/VL, CVC/R4, AO/VL, AO/R4. Result: The results revealed a wider range of some of such ratios than those reported so far by other workers for healthy dogs. Moreover, a wide variation in shape of CVC and size of R4 was noticed in individuals. It is concluded that the existing range of such ratio needs to be modified for better clinical relevance and overall such ratios do not represent a sensitive diagnostic modality.

scholarly journals Radiological evaluation of caudal vena cava in domestic short­hair cats with regard to right heart failure diagnosis.

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vosugh ◽  
M. N. Nazem
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Right Heart Failure ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Right Heart ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Heart Failure Diagnosis ◽  
Fourth Rib

Radiology, an imaging technique, is used in checking small animals for cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. Cardiovascular disease such as congestive heart failure, pericardial heart disease, heart worms and disease that cause injury and lesion in the right atrium may lead to an enlarged right side of the heart and as a result cause the enlargement of caudal vena cava (CVC). It is not possible to make a complete comparison of CVC size, due to variety in size of the cats but the ratio of CVC size to the other anatomical structures makes this possibility that we have a better estimation of CVC size. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the ratio of CVC size to aorta (Ao), width of fourth rib (R4) and also the thoracic vertebral length (VL) in 20 male healthy and 20 Domestic Shorthair (DSH) cats with right heart failure (RHF). To this end, the ratio of CVC size to posterior aorta (Ao), the ratio of CVC size to width of the forth rib, the ratio of CVC size to the length of thoracic vertebrae above the site of trachea bifurcation, CVC/VL of 20 RHF cats to CVC/VL of 20 healthy SHD cats, and also Ao/VL ratios were calculated. Statistical analysis showed significant difference in the CVC/Ao and CVC/R4 between healthy and RHF cats. CVC/VL was increased in RHF cats in comparison to healthy ones (P<0.05) while Ao/VL in right heart failure DSH cats was lower than that in healthy DSH cats. The results showed that right heart failure disease in cats may lead to increase in the CVC/Ao, CVC/R4 and CVC/VL parameters in comparison with healthy cats. According to this study, the method that is used to diagnose the right heart failure in dogs could be used for cats too.

The heart, pericardium, and mediastinum

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Superior Mediastinum ◽  
Great Vessels ◽  
Imaginary Line ◽  
Phrenic Nerves ◽  
The Right

The heart, the arteries and veins leaving and entering the heart which are usually referred to as the great vessels, the trachea and bronchi, the oesophagus, and the vagus and phrenic nerves and sympathetic chains occupy the mediastinum , the area in the middle of the thoracic cavity between the two pleural sacs. The anteroposterior dimension of the thorax is narrowest in the mediastinum because of the presence of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly. Laterally, the pleural sacs enclosing the lungs extend much further back alongside the vertebrae in the areas known as the paravertebral gutters. The great vessels enter and leave the superior aspect of the heart. The large veins draining the head, neck, and arms lie most superficially; they unite to form the superior vena cava that enters the right atrium of the heart. These veins overlie the two large arteries exiting the heart, the aorta, and pulmonary trunk. The aorta has a short ascending part, then forms the aortic arch passing backwards and to the left before continuing down the posterior wall of the thorax as the descending thoracic aorta. The subclavian and common carotid arteries, supplying blood to the arms and head and neck, respectively, arise from the aortic arch. The oesophagus is the deepest structure lying on the vertebrae and the trachea and main bronchi lie superficial to it. The sympathetic chains lie lateral to the vertebral bodies and the vagus and phrenic nerves are in intermediate positions. All these structures will be described in more detail in the rest of this chapter. The mediastinum is divided, for descriptive convenience, into the superior and inferior mediastinum. Figure 12.1 shows the imaginary line of division joining the sternal angle and the intervertebral disc below T4 that demarcates the boundaries of the superior and inferior of the mediastinum. The superior mediastinum occupies the space between the thoracic inlet above and the imaginary horizontal plane. The inferior mediastinum lies below that line and extends as far as the diaphragm. The lateral borders of both subdivisions of the mediastinum are the parietal pleura covering the medial aspect of the lungs, the mediastinal pleura.

scholarly journals A Case Study of Malrotated Kidneys with Asymmetric Multiple Renal Arteries, Variant Venous Drainage, and Unilateral Ureteral Duplication

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Martine Dunnwald ◽  
Marc A. Pizzimenti
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Anatomic Variation ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Embryologic Development ◽  
The Right

Variations in the arterial, venous, and ureteral patterning of the right (r) and left (l) kidneys are common; however, concomitant involvement with all three systems is rare. Specimens that demonstrate anatomic variation across multiple systems provide an opportunity to illustrate links between anatomic concepts, embryologic development, clinical practice, and education. During anatomic study of the abdominal cavity, a total of five major arteries (3l and 2r) emerged from the aortic and common iliac axes in a cadaveric donor. Through continued study, multiple contributing veins, of different caliber, coalesced into four major renal veins (2l and 2r) that returned blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava (IVC) at different locations. In addition, unilateral duplication of the kidney with concomitant ureters was evident on the right side. Both ureters continued inferiorly and independently entered the bladder, each with an observable orifice adjacent to the bladder trigone. Most evident in the specimen was the anteriorly directed hilum for both kidneys. Reported measures for each of the observed anatomic variations suggest that the current specimen has an estimated incidence of less than 0.3%. This comparatively rare specimen provides an example of important anatomic concepts that are relevant to educational and clinical practices.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of an Ectopic Liver Presenting as Right Atrial Mass

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Adhirath Doshi ◽  
Dhaval Shah ◽  
Shradha Gupta ◽  
Deepika Panday ◽  
Arie Farji-Cisneros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Transesophageal Echocardiogram ◽  
Right Atrial Mass ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ectopic Liver

Ectopic liver tissue is commonly observed in the abdominal cavity in adjacent organs. Extension of hepatic tissue into the intrathoracic cavity is rarely reported. We present the case of a 46-year-old woman with a 2.1×1.8 cm mass confirmed by transesophageal echocardiogram to be at the right atrial and inferior vena cava junction that was initially thought to be a myxoma which prompted surgical excision but subsequently identified as ectopic liver by histology.

The pericardial resection line follows the thoracic descending aorta on the left and the right atrium and superior vena cava on the right side, respectively

ASVIDE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 14-14
Author(s):  
Stéphane Collaud ◽  
Theresa Stork ◽  
Daniel Valdivia ◽  
Keita Tokuishi ◽  
Clemens Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Descending Aorta ◽  
Resection Line ◽  
The Right

Retroperitoneal Leiomyosarcoma of the Inferior Vena Cava Mimicking a Liver Tumor

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-436
Author(s):  
Julio Sokolich ◽  
Alejandro Mejia ◽  
Stephen Cheng ◽  
Ernest Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
White Female ◽  
Primary Malignancy ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Initial Work ◽  
The Right ◽  
Work Up

Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare sarcoma, but it is the most common primary malignancy of the IVC. It has an extremely poor prognosis. We describe a 60-year-old white female complaining of abdominal fullness for 7 weeks before she sought medical assistance. Initial work-up including sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance showed a tumor in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity originating from the liver with compression of the IVC and displacement of the right kidney. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor with clear margins and reconstruction of the IVC using a Dacron tubular graft. Postoperatively, she was placed on Coumadin® and adjuvant chemotherapy was started. Subsequently, the patient developed metastasis into the liver and peripancreatic nodes during the follow-up period. Considering the aggressiveness of this tumor, early radical en block resection with clear margins is still the only chance for long-term survival.

scholarly journals Embryological and surgical considerations of absent infra-renal part of inferior venacava and left renal vein

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 83-86
Author(s):  
Indira CK ◽  
Arunkumar KG
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Left Renal Vein ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Long Course ◽  
The Right

Background: Development of inferior vena cava (IVC) is a complex process that involves the anastomoses between three pairs of embryonic veins. Specific permutations exist in the venous plane of the abdomen and pelvis resulting in variations such as single left IVC, double IVC, and left renal retroaortic vein. Anomalies of the inferior vena cava and renal veins occur infrequently but may contribute to serious morbidity throughout surgical exploration if unidentified. Most anomalies remain asymptomatic until surgical intervention or clinical presentation with thromboembolic complications. Aims and Objective: Our research is aimed to link embryology with developmental disorder and the complications associated with the anomalous vessels in the field of surgery. Materials and Methods: Ten IUD fetuses (ranging from 20 weeks to term fetuses) were collected from the O&G department of the college and injected locally with dilute formalin and placed in containers filled with formalin. Dissection of the fetuses was done to identify congenital anomalies. Results: The external appearance of the 28-week-old fetus showed no gross anomaly. Examination abdominal cavity showed absent infrarenal segment of IVC and left renal vein. The right renal vein was seen running a long course to the left side with tributaries of lumbar veins and was seen continuing as the left femoral vein medial to the femoral artery. Segments of suprarenal and renal IVC were present. Conclusion: Correlating anomalies and variations of IVC and its tributaries to embryology. However, understanding of such anomaly is necessary to avoid significant diagnostic pitfalls and in preoperative surgicaland radiological intervention planning.

scholarly journals Removal of the Tumor Thrombus from the Right Atrium without Extracorporeal Circulation: Emphasis on the Displacement of the Tumor Apex

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
D. V. Shchukin ◽  
V. N. Lesovoy ◽  
G. G. Khareba ◽  
A. I. Harahatyi ◽  
A. V. Maltsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Extracorporeal Circulation ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Tumor Thrombus ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Transplantation Technique ◽  
The Right ◽  
Atrial Tumor ◽  
Tumor Thrombi

Objectives. To assess the outcomes of cavoatrial tumor thrombus removal using the liver transplantation technique for thrombectomy, a retrospective study was conducted. Materials and Methods. Five patients with atrial tumor thrombi who underwent piggy-back mobilization of the liver, surgical access to the right atrium from the abdominal cavity, and external manual repositioning of the thrombus apex below the diaphragm (milking maneuver) were included into the study. Extracorporeal circulation was used in none of the cases. The average length of the atrial component of the tumor was 20.0 ± 11.7 mm (10 to 35 mm), and the width was 14.8 ± 8.5 mm (10 to 30 mm). In this work, the features of patients and surgical interventions as well as perioperative complications and mortality were analyzed. Results. External manual repositioning of the tumor thrombus apex below the diaphragm was successfully performed in all patients. Tumor thrombi with the length of the atrial part up to 1.5 cm were removed through the extrapericardial approach. For evacuation of the thrombi with the large atrial part (3.0 cm or more), a transpericardial surgical approach was required. Specific complications associated with the access to the right atrium from the abdominal cavity (paresis of the right phrenic nerve, pneumothorax, and mediastinitis) were not detected in any case. The average clamping time of the supradiaphragmatic inferior vena cava (IVC) was 6.3 ± 4.6 min. The volume of intraoperative blood loss varied from 2500 to 5600 ml (an average of 3675 ± 1398.5 ml). Conclusion. Our work represents the initial experience in the liver transplantation technique for thrombectomy in distinct and well-selected patients with atrial tumor thrombi. The effectiveness of this approach needs further study. The video presentation of our research took place in March 2019 at the 34th Annual EAU Congress in Barcelona.

scholarly journals Intravenous Leiomyoma with Extension to the Heart: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuat Demirkiran ◽  
Veysel Sal ◽  
Umit Kaya ◽  
Cem Alhan ◽  
Nedim Tokgozoglu
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Fibroid ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Common Iliac Vein ◽  
Intravenous Leiomyomatosis ◽  
Pelvic Masses ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Intravenous leiomyomatosis with cardiac extension is an extremely rare uterine tumor. We report here a case of intravenous leiomyoma extending to the right atrium, diagnosed in a patient having leiomyoma.Case Presentation. A 39-year-old woman with no symptoms and a past medical history of two myomectomy operations (7 and 3 years previously) was admitted to our clinic for routine control. We detected a uterine fibroid of 8 centimeters and 4 small solid masses of 1-2 centimeters near the uterus and ovaries at vaginal ultrasonography. Computed tomography (CT) was performed to investigate the abdominal cavity. It revealed a mass originating from the left common iliac vein, which invaded the inferior vena cava (IVC) and extended to the right atrium in addition to the uterine fibroids and pelvic masses. The operation was performed with a combined team of gynecologists and cardiac surgeons and a one-stage operation was accomplished. The postoperative course was uneventful.Conclusion. Abdominal CT is a useful imaging technique for the diagnosis of unusual pathology in a patient with uterine fibroid having suspicious pelvic masses. Also, when a right atrial mass is identified in a female with a prior history of hysterectomy because of leiomyoma or in whom there is a uterine myoma, then intravenous leiomyomatosis should be considered.

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