Rapid evolution of constitutive and inducible defenses against an invasive predator

Ecology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1520-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana L. Nunes ◽  
Germán Orizaola ◽  
Anssi Laurila ◽  
Rui Rebelo
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Inducible Defenses ◽  
Invasive Predator

Evolution or Extinction: Might Zooplankton Adaptively Respond to the Novel Invasive Predator Bythotrephes longimanus?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Diel Vertical Migration ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Bythotrephes Longimanus ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Invasive Predators ◽  
Invasive Predator ◽  
Introduced Predators

Invasive predators are a large and growing threat to species diversity and human well-being. One of the reasons invasive predators have a negative impact is that native prey species do not possess appropriate anti-predator defenses. However, rapid evolution may allow prey species to respond adaptively to introduced predators. When this occurs the impacts of invasive predators are mitigated. An invasive predator that is of concern in North America is the spiny water flea, Bythotrephes longimanus. It disrupts freshwater ecosystems through voracious consumption of zooplankton. Declines in zooplankton abundance and richness reduce water quality and recreational fishing opportunities. However, a species of zooplankton, Daphnia mendotae has been found to adaptively respond to B. longimanus. This adaptation is diel vertical migration, the behavioral change of occupying a lower position in the water column during the day to reduce predation risk. Despite the ecological and economic implications of this behavior in response to B. longimanus, it has only been studied in a few lakes. This study investigated adaptive diel vertical migration in D. mendotae from multiple lakes. This was done by measuring the vertical position of D. mendotae in artificial water columns. It was hypothesized that D. mendotae from lakes that have been invaded by B. longimanus will exhibit diel vertical migration in the presence of B. longimanus. If this hypothesis is supported, rapid evolution of diel vertical migration can be established as a widespread response. This would strengthen understanding of rapid evolution and allow lakes more vulnerable to B.longimanus to be identified.

Inducible defenses in Olympia oysters in response to an invasive predator

Oecologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 183 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian M. Bible ◽  
Kaylee R. Griffith ◽  
Eric Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Inducible Defenses ◽  
Invasive Predator ◽  
Olympia Oysters

scholarly journals The evolution of targeted cannibalism and cannibal-induced defenses in invasive populations of cane toads

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (35) ◽  
pp. e2100765118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayna L. DeVore ◽  
Michael R. Crossland ◽  
Richard Shine ◽  
Simon Ducatez
Keyword(s):  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Inducible Defenses ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Selective Force ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Constitutive Defenses ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Plastic Responses

Biotic conflict can create evolutionary arms races, in which innovation in one group increases selective pressure on another, such that organisms must constantly adapt to maintain the same level of fitness. In some cases, this process is driven by conflict among members of the same species. Intraspecific conflict can be an especially important selective force in high-density invasive populations, which may favor the evolution of strategies for outcompeting or eliminating conspecifics. Cannibalism is one such strategy; by killing and consuming their intraspecific competitors, cannibals enhance their own performance. Cannibalistic behaviors may therefore be favored in invasive populations. Here, we show that cane toad tadpoles (Rhinella marina) from invasive Australian populations have evolved an increased propensity to cannibalize younger conspecifics as well as a unique adaptation to cannibalism—a strong attraction to vulnerable hatchlings—that is absent in the native range. In response, vulnerable conspecifics from invasive populations have evolved both stronger constitutive defenses and greater cannibal-induced plastic responses than their native range counterparts (i.e., rapid prefeeding development and inducible developmental acceleration). These inducible defenses are costly, incurring performance reductions during the subsequent life stage, explaining why plasticity is limited in native populations where hatchlings are not targeted by cannibalistic tadpoles. These results demonstrate the importance of intraspecific conflict in driving rapid evolution, highlight how plasticity can facilitate adaptation following shifts in selective pressure, and show that evolutionary processes can produce mechanisms that regulate invasive populations.

The Glissonian Approach of the Hilum

Swiss Surgery ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Launois ◽  
Maddern ◽  
Tay
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Hepatic Artery ◽  
Posterior Approach ◽  
Hepatic Duct ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Porta Hepatis ◽  
Liver Segment ◽  
Glissonian Approach

The detailed knowledge of the segmental anatomy of the liver has led to a rapid evolution in resectional surgery based on the intrahepatic distribution of the portal trinity (the hepatic artery, hepatic duct and portal vein). The classical intrafascial or extrahepatic approach is to isolate the appropriate branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and the hepatic duct, outside the liver substance. Another method, the extrafascial approach, is to dissect the whole sheath of the pedicle directly after division of a substantial amount of the hepatic tissue to reach the pedicle, which is surrounded by a sheath, derived from Glisson's capsule. This Glissonian sheath encloses the portal trinity. In the transfissural or intrahepatic approach, these sheaths can be approached either anteriorly (after division of the main, right or umbilical fissure) or posteriorly from behind the porta hepatis. We describe the technique for approaching the Glissonian sheath and hence the hepatic pedicle structures and their branches by the intrahepatic posterior approach that allows early delineation of the liver segment without the need for ancillary techniques. In addition, the indications for the use of this technique in the technical and oncologic settings are also discussed.

Gayet-Wernicke encephalopathy with rapid evolution toward dementia in alcoholic dependence – case report

Psihiatru ro ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Cătălina Crişan ◽  
Laura Grosu ◽  
Oana Vanţa
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Thiamine Deficiency ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Full Recovery ◽  
Wernicke Encephalopathy ◽  
Korsakoff Syndrome ◽  
Dementia Syndrome ◽  
Patients Experience

Gayet-Wernicke encephalopathy is an acute neuropsychiatric condition caused by thiamine deficiency. Only a small percentage of patients experience all three symptoms, with ophtalmoplegia, ataxia and confusion, and the full triad occurs more frequently among those who have overused alcohol. The evolution is toward full recovery, Korsakoff syndrome, dementia or death. We present the case of a 56-year-old patient, known with a diagnostic of alcoholism, who was admitted for a complicated withdrawal syndrome with delirium and who developed encephalopathy and dementia syndrome.

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