Skin-to-Skin Contact Diminishes Pain From Hepatitis B Vaccine Injection in Healthy Full-Term Neonates

Purpose: This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that skin-to-skin contact (SSC) would reduce hepatitis B vaccine injection pain in full-term neonates.Design: Randomized controlled trial (RCT).Sample: Thirty-six mother–neonate dyads were randomly assigned to SSC or control groups.Main Outcomes: Cry time (CT), behavioral state (BSt), and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout the 16-minute protocol. HR and BSt were measured every 30 seconds; CT was recorded continuously.Results: SSC neonates cried less compared with controls (23 vs 32 seconds during injection; 16 vs 72 seconds during recovery), reached calmer BSts sooner (M = 2.8 vs M = 6.5 time points), and trended toward more rapid HR decrease. SSC as described was safe and effective and merits further testing.