The Alaskan Influenza Epidemic, 1918 to 1919

Author(s):  
Maria Gilson DeValpine ◽  
Arlene W. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
MedAlliance ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-92

The review analyzed data on the risks of influenza infection and severe course in tobacco smokers compared with non-smokers. The incidence of influenza in the Russian Federation in 2018 amounted to 26.33 per 100 000 people, and was 24% lower than the incidence in 2017 (34.86 per 100 000) due to the fact that in recent years the coverage of the population with preventive vaccinations has been significantly increased against the flu. Meta-analyzes shows that current smokers are more likely to get the flu than non-smokers. It is noted that smoking may increase the risk of hospitalization in smokers (OR 1.32–2.18 in various meta-analyzes) and former smokers after infection with the influenza virus. Tobacco has been found to increase the risk of death from influenza among older people. At the same time, there is a study of risk factors for severe outcomes in patients hospitalized with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic flu, in which smoking was not a risk factor for severe outcomes. During the influenza epidemic, smokers and former smokers should be given the flu shot and be informed of the risk of hospitalization, and they are also strongly advised to stop smoking.


MethodsX ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 101030
Author(s):  
Leonardo López ◽  
Maximiliano Fernández ◽  
Leonardo Giovanini

Author(s):  
Long Zhou ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Dan Shi ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Shun-Xiang Huang

1976 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETI MARGERY ◽  
BIRCH CHRISTOPHER ◽  
LEWIS FRED ◽  
GUST. IAN
Keyword(s):  

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 181-200
Author(s):  
David Arnold

ABSTRACTIn India the 1918–19 influenza pandemic cost at least twelve million lives, more than in any other country; it caused widespread suffering and disrupted the economy and infrastructure. Yet, despite this, and in contrast to the growing literature on recovering the ‘forgotten’ pandemic in other countries, remarkably little was recorded about the epidemic in India at the time or has appeared in the subsequent historiography. An absence of visual evidence is indicative of a more general paucity of contemporary material and first-hand testimony. In seeking to explain this absence, it is argued that, while India was exposed to influenza as a global event and to the effects of its involvement in the Great War, the influenza episode needs to be more fully understood in terms of local conditions. The impact of the disease was overshadowed by the prior encounter with bubonic plague, by military recruitment and the war, and by food shortages and price rises that pushed India to the brink of famine. Subsumed within a dominant narrative of political unrest and economic discontent, the epidemic found scant expression in official documentation, public debate and/or even private correspondence.


1957 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Tayback ◽  
Arturo C. Reyes
Keyword(s):  

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