OBSERVATIONS OF SOCIAL POLYGYNY, ALLONURSING, EXTRAPAIR COPULATION, AND INBREEDING IN URBAN SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOXES (VULPES MACROTIS MUTICA)

Abstract Background: In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes ( Vulpes macrotis mutica ) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ), coyotes ( Canis latrans ), and red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species.Methods: We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities.Results: We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall F ST of 0.467. The lowest F ST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, F ST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (F ST = 0.843).Conclusion: These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. The Sarcoptes host specificity suggests that, although an inter-species spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily intraspecific. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city.

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SEROLOGICAL SURVEY FOR SELECTED DISEASES IN THE ENDANGERED SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOX (VULPES MACROTIS MUTICA)

Journal of Wildlife Diseases ◽

10.7589/0090-3558-24.2.274 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 274-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Patrick M. McCue ◽

Thomas P. O'Farrell

Keyword(s):

Serological Survey ◽

Kit Fox ◽

San Joaquin Kit Fox ◽

Vulpes Macrotis ◽

Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

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Artificial dens for the conservation of San Joaquin kit foxes

California Fish and Wildlife Journal ◽

10.51492/cfwj.cesasi.25 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 416-437

Author(s):

Brian L. Cypher ◽

James D. Murdoch ◽

Alex D. Brown

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Habitat Loss ◽

High Density Polyethylene ◽

Lower Cost ◽

Construction Materials ◽

High Density ◽

The Other ◽

Anthropogenic Factors ◽

Vulpes Macrotis ◽

Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) are federally endangered and California threatened, primarily due to profound habitat loss. Kit foxes are obligate den users and in some locations den availability may be limited due to natural or anthropogenic factors. We conducted a study during 2001–2004 to determine whether kit foxes would use artificial dens, and if so, whether they exhibited a preference for den designs or construction materials. We tested six different den designs, four different construction materials, and two different chamber types. We constructed 34 dens in 12 locations in Bakersfield, CA. We conducted 9,271 den checks and detected kit foxes or their sign on 1,198 of those checks. Kit foxes may not have found one of the locations, but kit foxes used (i.e., entered) 29 of the 31 dens at the other 11 locations. Kit foxes did not exhibit preferential use of any designs, materials, or chamber types. Internal conditions (i.e., temperature and relative humidity) within artificial dens can provide thermoregulatory and moisture conservation benefits to foxes, although these benefits were not as strong as those provided by natural dens. At least nine other species were documented using the artificial dens, including some that might compete with kit foxes. San Joaquin kit foxes readily used artificial dens and clearly such dens can be used to mitigate den losses or to enhance habitat for kit foxes. Due to lower cost and ease of installation, we recommend installing two-entrance dens constructed of high-density polyethylene plastic with an irrigation valve box for a subterranean chamber.

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Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-32109/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jaime L. Rudd ◽

Deana L. Clifford ◽

Brian L. Cypher ◽

Joshua M. Hull ◽

A. Jane Riner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Genetic Difference ◽

Population Level ◽

Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽

Sarcoptic Mange ◽

Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽

Red Foxes ◽

Kit Fox ◽

Vulpes Macrotis ◽

Vulpes Macrotis Mutica

Abstract Background: In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species.Methods: We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities.Results: We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall FST of 0.467. The lowest FST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, FST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (FST = 0.843).Conclusion: These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. Although a spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily kit fox-to-kit fox. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city.

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