scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Energy Curve ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Carbon Based

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of the carbon element. They present different sorts of understandings fairly at convincing and compelling levels. A gas state carbon atom converts into its various states depending on the conditions of processing. The electron transfer mechanism in the gas state carbon atom is responsible for its conversion to various states namely, graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene. The shape of energy responsible to transfer electron from the sides (east- and west-poles) of its atom is like parabola that is linked to states where exerted force to relevant poles of transferring electron (from filled state to nearby unfilled state) is remained neutral. So, the mechanism of forming different states of a gaseous carbon atom is under a bit non-conserved involving energy, which is not the case for atoms executing their confined inter-state electron-dynamics. Structure evolved in graphite, nanotube and fullerene states have one-dimensional, two-dimensional and four-dimensional atoms, respectively, and the associated energy curve is like parabola indicating transfer of electrons under neutral exertion of forces to their relevant poles. The graphite structure under only attained-dynamics of atoms is also developed but in two-dimension where engaged binding energy between them is under an influence of a small difference between involved forces of their opposite poles. Structural evolution in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve potential energy of electrons required to undertake infinitesimal displacements under orientationally-controlled exerting forces to their relevant poles. In this study, the growth of diamond was found to be from south to ground in which the atoms were bound in ground to south indicating tetra-electrons ground to south topological structure. Lonsdaleite showed a bi-electrons ground to just-south topological structure. The growth of graphene was just-north to ground; however, the binding of atoms was ground to just-north showing tetra-electrons ground to just-north topological structure. Glassy carbon exhibits layered-topological structure which successively binds tri-layers of gas, graphite and lonsdaleite state atoms in the repetitive manner. In this case, pair of orientated electrons of gas atoms and lonsdaleite atoms in their layers take another clamping of pair of unfilled energy knots by entering from the rear-side and front-side, respectively and to bind to intermediate layers of graphitic carbon atoms. Different carbon atoms develop amorphous structures when they bind under frustrating amalgamation. Hardness of carbon-based materials was also sketched in the light of different force-energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. Here, structure evolution in each carbon state atom explores its own science.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Energy Curve ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Graphitic Layer ◽  
Gas Layer ◽  
Carbon Based

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of the carbon element. They present different sorts of understandings fairly at convincing and compelling levels. A gas-state carbon atom converts into its various states depending on the conditions of processing. The electron transfer mechanism in the gas-state carbon atom is responsible for its conversion to various states, namely, graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene. The shape of energy responsible to transfer electron from the sides (east- and west-poles) of its atom is like parabola. That energy is linked to states (from filled state to nearby unfilled state) where exerted force to relevant poles of transferring electron is remained neutral. So, the mechanism of originating different states from a gaseous carbon atom is under the involvement of energy at first, which is not the case for atoms executing their confined inter-state electron-dynamics where force is involved at first. Structure evolved in graphite-, nanotubes- and fullerene-states have respectively one-dimensional, two-dimensional and four-dimensional atoms. Moreover, the associated energy curve is a parabola, indicating the transfer of electrons under neutral exertion of forces to their relevant poles. The graphite structure under only attained-dynamics of atoms is also developed but in two-dimension. Here, binding energy between graphitic carbon atoms is engaged under the influence of a small difference available between their involved forces along opposite poles. Structural evolution in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve potential energy of electrons required to undertake infinitesimal displacements under orientationally-controlled exerting forces to their relevant poles. In this study, the growth of diamond is found to be south to ground where atoms bound ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms merge for a tetra-electron ground to south topological structure. Lonsdaleite atoms merge for a bi-electron ground to just-south topological structure. The growth of graphene was just-north to ground; however, the binding of atoms was ground to just-north showing tetra-electrons ground to just-north topological structure. Glassy carbon exhibits layered-topological structure which successively binds tri-layers of gas-, graphite- and lonsdaleite-state atoms in repetitive manner. Orientating pair of electrons of each atom of below gas layer and above lonsdaleite layer enter from the rear side and front side respectively to undertake another clamping of unfilled energy knots belonging to each atom of intermediate graphitic layer. Different carbon atoms develop amorphous structures when they bind under frustrating amalgamation. Hardness of carbon-based materials was also sketched in the light of force-energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. Here, structure evolution in each carbon state atom explores its own science.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Amorphous Structures ◽  
Evolution Of Structure

Many studies deal synthesis of carbon because of its versatility but lack the arresting of understanding at convincing and compelling levels. A binding energy shape-like parabola is linked to state of handing over electron to state of taking over at each opposite-side of the atom maintaining the equilibrium of resulting new state of the carbon atom. Through this mechanism of transferring electrons for the gas state carbon atom, it converts into graphitic state, nanotube state, fullerene state, diamond state, lonsdaleite state and graphene state carbon atom. Exerting forces to relevant poles of transferring electrons work neutral to attain specific state of their carbon atom. Structure evolutions in graphitic, nanotube and fullerene state carbon atoms are remained one-dimensional, two-dimensional and four-dimensional, respectively, where energy shape-like parabola is involved along the relevant quadrant for transferring electron(s) where neutral behavior of exerting forces is engaged. A graphite structure when develops under attained dynamics of atoms and their binding is under a bit difference of involved opposite pole forces, it develops in two-dimensional also. Evolution of structure in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene state carbon atoms is under the involvement of potential energy of electrons as per their undertaking the infinitesimal displacements, thus, engaging their relevant poles exerting forces in the orientationally-controlled manner. Growth of diamond is south to ground, but binding of atoms is ground to south, so, it is a tetra-electrons ground to south topological structure. Lonsdaleite is a bi-electrons ground to just-south topological structure. Growth of graphene is just-north to ground but binding of atoms is ground to just-north, so, it is a tetra-electrons ground to just-north topological structure. Glassy carbon is related to a layered-topological structure where successive tri-layers of gas, graphitic and lonsdaleite state atoms bind in the repetitive manner. In glassy carbon, pair of orientated electrons of gas and lonsdaleite state carbon atoms undertake another clamping of pair of unfilled energy knots by entering from the rear-side and front-side, respectively, to bind to intermediate layers of graphitic state atoms. Different carbon atoms develop amorphous structures when they bind under frustrating amalgamation. Hardness of carbon-based materials is also sketched in the light of different force-energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. Here, structure evolution in each carbon state atom explores its own science.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Amorphous Structures ◽  
Evolution Of Structure

Many studies deal synthesis of carbon because of its versatility but lack the arresting of understanding at convincing and compelling levels. A binding energy shape-like parabola is linked to state of handing over electron to state of taking over electron at each opposite side of the atom maintaining the equilibrium of resulting new state of the carbon atom. Through this mechanism of transferring electrons for the gas state carbon atom, it converts into graphitic state, nanotube state, fullerene state, diamond state, lonsdaleite state and graphene state carbon atom. Forces of relevant poles remain neutral at instant of transferring electrons to attain specific state of their carbon atom. Structure evolutions in graphitic, nanotube and fullerene state carbon atoms are remained one-dimensional, two-dimensional and four-dimensional, respectively, where energy shape-like parabola is also involved along the relevant quadrant executing electron-dynamics to engage neutral behavior of exerting relevant poles forces. A graphite structure when develops under attained dynamics of atoms and their binding is under a bit difference of involved opposite pole forces, it develops in two-dimensional also. Evolution of structure in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene state carbon atoms is under involving potential energy of electrons dealing double clamping of energy knot where relevant poles forces exerted in the orientationally controlled manner. Growth of diamond is south to ground, but binding of atoms is ground to south, so, it is a tetra-electrons ground to south topological structure. Lonsdaleite is a bi-electrons ground to just-south topological structure. Growth of graphene is just-north to ground, but binding of atoms is ground to just-north, so, it is a tetra-electrons ground to just-north topological structure. Glassy carbon is related to a layered-topological structure where successive tri-layers of gas, graphitic and lonsdaleite state atoms bind in the repetition manner. In glassy carbon, pairs of orientated electrons of gas and lonsdaleite state carbon atoms deal double clamping of energy knot by entering from the rear-side and front-side, respectively, to bind to intermediate layers of graphitic state atoms. Different carbon atoms develop amorphous structures when they bind under frustrating amalgamation. Hardness of carbon-based materials is also sketched in the light of different force-energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. Here, structure evolution in each carbon state atom explores its own science.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Energy Curve ◽  
Structural Formation ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
State Electron ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
East West

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of its element. They include different opinions for scientific problems and discuss fairly convincingly various levels within the scope and application. A gas state carbon atom converts into various states depending on its conditions of processing. The electron transfer mechanism in the gas state carbon atom is responsible to convert it into various states, such as graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene. The shape of ‘energy trajectory’ enables transferring electrons from the left and right sides of an atom are like a parabola. That ‘energy trajectory’ is linked to states (filled state and suitable unfilled state), where forced exertion along the poles of transferring electrons remained balanced. So, the mechanism of originating different states of a gas state carbon atom is under the involvement of energy first. This is not the case for atoms executing confined inter-state electron dynamics as the force is involved first. Graphite, nanotube and fullerene state atoms ‘partially evolve partially develop’ (form) their structures. These possess one-dimensional, two-dimensional and four-dimensional ordering of atoms respectively. Their structural formation also comprises ‘energy curve’ having a shape like parabola. Transferring suitable filled state electron to suitable nearby unfilled state is under a balanced force, exerting along the poles. The graphite structure under only attained dynamics of atoms can also be formed but in two-dimension. Here, binding energy between graphite state carbon atoms is for a small difference of exerting forces along their opposite poles. Structural formation in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve energy to gain required infinitesimal displacements of electrons through which they maintain orientationally-controlled exerting forces along the dedicated poles. In this study, the growth of diamond is found to be south to east-west (ground), where atoms bind ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms merge for a tetra-electron ground to south topological structure. Lonsdaleite atoms merge for a bi-electron ground to a bit south topological structure. The growth of graphene is found to be north to ground, where atoms bind to ground to north. Thus, graphene atoms merge for a tetra-electron ground to north topological structure. Glassy carbon exhibits layered-topological structure, where tri-layers of gas, graphite and lonsdaleite state atoms successively bind in repetitive order. Nanoscale hardness is also sketched based on different force and energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. Here, the structure evolution in each carbon state atom explores its own science.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
State Electron ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Amorphous Structures

Many studies deal synthesis of carbon because of its versatility but lack the arresting of understanding at convincing and compelling levels. Each carbon state atom explores its own science and application. To convert gas state carbon atom into graphitic state carbon atom, a non-conserved energy is required to transfer filled state electron to nearby unfilled state, on left-side and right-side. Forces of relevant poles at instant of transferring electrons behave neutral enabling each electron to obey arc-like trajectory formed by typical energy to go into nearby unfilled state. Changing the position of two electrons results into originate a new physical behavior of each established state carbon atom. Different state of the carbon atom is obtained under confined inter-state electron-dynamics where involved non-conserved energy engaged the non-conservative force. Involved energies in one-dimensional structure evolution of graphite engage neutral behavior of forces exerting in space format and surface format along the single axis. Involved energies in two-dimensional structure evolution of nanotube engage neutral behavior of forces exerting in space format-surface format and grounded format-surface format (and vice versa) along the two axes. Involved energies in four-dimensional structure evolution of fullerene engage neutral behavior of forces exerting in all four quadrants of binding each fullerene state atom. A graphite structure does evolve under attained dynamics of graphitic state atoms, only where opposite pole forces under a slight difference keep adhering the structure. Evolution of structure in diamond and lonsdaleite state atoms is under the joint application of surface format and grounded format where electrons of binding atom deal double clamping of energy knots belonging to unfilled states of deposited atom under their neutral behavior of exerting forces. Structural evolution of graphene is under the joint application of surface format and space format where four electrons of binding atom deal double clamping of energy knots belonging to unfilled states of deposited atoms under their neutral behavior of exerting forces. Growth of diamond is south to ground, but binding of diamond state atoms is ground to south, so, it is tetra-double-clamped energy knot ground to south topological structure. Same is the case for lonsdaleite state atoms except it is bi-double-clamped energy knot ground to south topological structure. Growth of graphene is north to ground, but binding of atoms is ground to north, so, it is tetra-double-clamped energy knot ground to north structure. Glassy carbon is related to a wholly layered-topological structure where tri-layers of gas carbon atoms, graphitic state atoms and lonsdaleite state atoms order in the repetition manner. In glassy carbon, forces of all formats (space, surface and grounded) work neutral while binding atoms under their successive tri-layers. Gas state carbon atoms do not evolve structure due to maintenance of electrons at above ground. Different states carbon atoms also evolve different amorphous structures when bind under their frustrating amalgamation. Hardness of carbon-based materials identified in literature is sketched in the light of different force-energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. A carbon atom is the best model to explain binding mechanism in atoms.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Electron Dynamics ◽  
State Electron ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
Inter State ◽  
Carbon Based

Many studies deal synthesis of carbon-based materials because of the versatility of carbon element where lack the arresting of understanding at convincing and compelling levels. A non-conservative energy is required to transfer occupied state electron to nearby unfilled state along both left and right sides of the gas state carbon atom to convert it into its graphitic state where exerting forces of relevant poles of transferring electrons remain neutral at the instant of tracking the arc-like trajectory to go into unfilled state. Changing the position of two electrons in each state carbon atom results into originate its new physical behavior. Different state carbon atoms were obtained under confined inter-state electron-dynamics under the involvement of non-conservative energies where engaging the non-conservative forces instead of conservative were engaged. Structure evolution for graphitic, nanotube, and fullerene states atoms mainly engages the surface format forces where involved arc-shape energies enable execution of confined inter-state electron-dynamics binding to amalgamating atoms in one quadrant, two quadrants and four quadrants to develop structure of one-dimension, two-dimension and four-dimension, respectively. However, a graphite structure is evolved under the application of electron-dynamics of attaining graphitic state atoms as well as under their attained dynamics, only. Evolution of structure in diamond and lonsdaleite state atoms are under the joint application of surface format force and grounded format force where electrons of binding atom deal another clamping of energy knots belonging to unfilled states of deposited atoms while visualizing the force of south to their bottom tips through them. Structural evolution of graphene engages both surface format and space format forces to work neutral at the instant of binding atom through its four electrons dealing another clamping of energy knots belonging to unfilled states of deposited atoms while visualizing the force of north to their top-sides through them. Growth of diamond is south to ground but binding of atoms is ground to south, so it is tetra-double-clamped energy knot ground to south topological structure. Same is the case for lonsdaleite state atoms except it is bi-double-clamped energy knot ground to south topological structure. Growth of graphene is north to ground but binding of atoms is ground to north, so it is tetra-double-clamped energy knot ground to north structure. Glassy carbon is related to a wholly layered-topological structure where tri-layers of gas carbon atoms, graphitic state atoms and lonsdaleite state atoms order in repetition manner. In glassy carbon, forces of space format, surface format and grounded format work as neutral while binding atoms of successive tri-layers. Due to maintenance of electrons at above ground surface in gas state carbon atoms, they do not attain the favorable point for binding. Hardness of carbon-based materials as per identified in literature is sketched under the exploration of different force-energy behaviors exerting at electron level is described. A carbon atom is a best model to explain binding mechanism in atoms of various elements and in fullerene state, it is a best model to understand the working forces at ground surface.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Electron Dynamics ◽  
Binding Mechanism ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
Graphite Structure

Many studies deal synthesis of carbon materials including all the disclosed states. This study describes the binding mechanism of different state carbon atoms. The binding energy as per gauge of certain state carbon atom is being invited under the application of force. In evolving different structures of carbon atoms their admissible electron-dynamics generate binding energy. Evolution of graphite structure is one-dimensional when certain amalgamated atom executes electron-dynamics to gain stable state to bind atom of attained stable state. Evolution of graphite structure is two-dimensional when amalgamated atoms under attained dynamics deal difference in surface format forces at the point of binding. Structural evolution is two-dimensional for nanotube and four-dimensional for fullerene (bucky balls). Structure evolution of graphite, nanotube and fullerene involve surface format forces mainly to invite binding energy of their atoms as per gauge of electron-dynamics. Structural evolutions of diamond and Lonsdaleite are under the joint application of surface format forces and grounded format forces to invite binding energy of atoms. Structural evolution of graphene involves both surface and space format forces to invite binding energy of atoms. Glassy carbon is related to layered wholly topological structure where layers of gas state carbon atoms, graphitic state and lonsdaleite state are being involved in successive manner to invite binding energy under space, surface and grounded format forces. Due to maintenance of electrons, carbon atoms do not bind when in the gas state. Diamond is south to ground tetra-dimensional, Lonsdaleite is south to ground bi-dimensional and graphene is ground to north tetra-dimensional topological structures. The Mohs hardness of carbon-based materials under different levitation gravitation behaviors attempting at electron level under contraction expansion of clamping energy knot is sketched. Carbon atoms when in fullerene structure is the best model to understand the influencing force at ground surface and the best model to explain binding mechanism in atoms of other elements.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Small Difference ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Mohs Hardness ◽  
East West

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of carbon. These studies include different ideas and discuss them within scientific scope and application. Depending on the processing conditions of carbon precursors, carbon exists in various allotropic forms. The electron transfer mechanism is responsible for converting the gaseous carbon atom into various states – graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene states. A typical energy shaped like parabola trajectory enables the transfer of the electron in carbon atom by preserving its equilibrium state. In the conversion of carbon atom from one state to other state, the trajectory of energy links to suitable filled and unfilled states of the east side, and the other trajectory of energy links to suitable filled and unfilled states of the west side. In this way, filled state electrons instantaneously and simultaneously transfer to unfilled states through the paths of involved typical energy trajectories. The involved typical energy remains partially conserved. Thus, the forces exerted to the electrons at the instant of transferring also remain partially conserved. Carbon atoms, in graphite, nanotube and fullerene states, partially evolve and partially develop the structures. Atoms form structures of one dimension, two dimensions and four dimensions, respectively. In the formation of such structures, binding atoms involve the typical energy shaped like parabola, where partially conserved forces also engage at the electron level. The graphite structure under only attained dynamics of atoms is also formed, but in the order of two dimensions and amorphous carbon. The binding energy among graphite atoms is due to the small difference of east force and west force. The structural formations in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve a different shaped typical energy to control the orientation of electrons undertaking one more clamp of the energy knot. The involved typical energy has a form like golf-stick, which is half of the parabola shaped trajectory. To undertake double clamping of energy knot, all four targeted electrons of the outer ring (of depositing diamond atom) aligned along the south pole, and all four unfilled energy knots of the outer ring (of deposited diamond atom) positioned along the east-west poles. Thus, the growth of diamond is found to be south to ground. The depositing diamond atom binds to the deposited diamond atom from ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms form the tetra-electron topological structure. Graphene atoms can form structure oppositely to diamond atoms. Binding of lonsdaleite atoms can be from ground to a bit south. To nucleate the structure of glassy carbon, three layers of carbon atoms having different state for each layer, i.e., gaseous, graphite and lonsdaleite, bind in successive manner. Mohs hardness of carbon nanostructures and microstructures is also sketched.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Electron Dynamics ◽  
Binding Mechanism ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
Graphite Structure

Many studies deal synthesis of carbon materials including all the disclosed states. This study describes the binding mechanism of different state carbon atoms. The binding energy as per gauge of certain state carbon atom is being invited under the application of force. In evolving different structures of carbon atoms their admissible electron-dynamics generate binding energy. Evolution of graphite structure is one-dimensional when certain amalgamated atom executes electron-dynamics to gain stable state to bind atom of attained stable state. Evolution of graphite structure is two-dimensional when amalgamated atoms under attained dynamics deal difference in surface format forces at the point of binding. Structural evolution is two-dimensional for nanotube and four-dimensional for fullerene (bucky balls). Structure evolution of graphite, nanotube and fullerene involve surface format forces mainly to invite binding energy of their atoms as per gauge of electron-dynamics. Structural evolutions of diamond and Lonsdaleite are under the joint application of surface format forces and grounded format forces to invite binding energy of atoms. Structural evolution of graphene involves both surface and space format forces to invite binding energy of atoms. Glassy carbon is related to layered wholly topological structure where layers of gas state carbon atoms, graphitic state and lonsdaleite state are being involved in successive manner to invite binding energy under space, surface and grounded format forces. Due to maintenance of electrons, carbon atoms do not bind when in the gas state. Diamond is south to ground tetra-dimensional, Lonsdaleite is south to ground bi-dimensional and graphene is ground to north tetra-dimensional topological structures. The Mohs hardness of carbon-based materials under different levitation gravitation behaviors attempting at electron level under contraction expansion of clamping energy knot is sketched. Carbon atoms when in fullerene structure is the best model to understand the influencing force at ground surface and the best model to explain binding mechanism in atoms of other elements.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Structural Formation ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Mohs Hardness ◽  
East West

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of carbon. These studies include different ideas for the scientific problems and discuss them within the scope and application. Depending on the processing conditions of a gaseous carbon, it exists in various allotropic forms. The electron transfer mechanism is responsible for converting the gaseous carbon atom into various states – graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene states. A typical energy shaped like parabola trajectory enables transfer of the electron in carbon atom by preserving its equilibrium state. In the conversion of carbon atom from one state to other state, the energy trajectory links to suitable filled state and unfilled state of the east side and the other energy trajectory links to suitable filled state and unfilled state of the west side. In this way, filled state electrons simultaneously transfer to nearby unfilled states through the paths provided by the involved trajectories of typical energy. Here, involved typical energy remains partially conserved. So, the force exerted to the electrons is also partially conserved. Carbon atoms when in graphite, nanotube and fullerene states, they ‘partially evolve and partially develop’ the structures. Atoms form structures of one dimension, two dimensions and four dimensions, respectively. Binding atoms in such structural formations involve the typical energy shaped like parabola, where partially conserved forces also engage at the electron level. The graphite structure under only attained dynamics of atoms is also formed, but in the order of two dimensions and amorphous carbon. Here, a binding energy among graphite atoms is due to the small difference between their east force and west force. Structural formations in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve a different shaped typical energy to control the orientation of electrons undertaking one more clamp of the unfilled energy knot. Here, an involved typical energy has shape like golf-stick, which is half of the trajectory shaped like parabola. To undertake double clamping of energy knot, all four targeted electrons of the outer ring (of depositing diamond atom) aligned along the south pole and all four unfilled energy knots of the outer ring (of deposited diamond atom) positioned along the east-west poles. So, a growth of diamond is found to be south to ground. Here, depositing diamond atom binds to deposited diamond atom ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms form a topological structure of tetra-electron. Graphene atoms can form structure oppositely when compared to structural formation in diamond atoms. Binding of lonsdaleite atoms can be from ground to a bit south. To nucleate the structure of glassy carbon, three layers of carbon atoms having different state for each layer (gaseous, graphite and lonsdaleite) bind in the successive manner. Mohs hardness of nanostructures and microstructures of different carbon materials is also sketched.

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