scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Small Difference ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Mohs Hardness ◽  
East West

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of carbon. These studies include different ideas and discuss them within scientific scope and application. Depending on the processing conditions of carbon precursors, carbon exists in various allotropic forms. The electron transfer mechanism is responsible for converting the gaseous carbon atom into various states – graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene states. A typical energy shaped like parabola trajectory enables the transfer of the electron in carbon atom by preserving its equilibrium state. In the conversion of carbon atom from one state to other state, the trajectory of energy links to suitable filled and unfilled states of the east side, and the other trajectory of energy links to suitable filled and unfilled states of the west side. In this way, filled state electrons instantaneously and simultaneously transfer to unfilled states through the paths of involved typical energy trajectories. The involved typical energy remains partially conserved. Thus, the forces exerted to the electrons at the instant of transferring also remain partially conserved. Carbon atoms, in graphite, nanotube and fullerene states, partially evolve and partially develop the structures. Atoms form structures of one dimension, two dimensions and four dimensions, respectively. In the formation of such structures, binding atoms involve the typical energy shaped like parabola, where partially conserved forces also engage at the electron level. The graphite structure under only attained dynamics of atoms is also formed, but in the order of two dimensions and amorphous carbon. The binding energy among graphite atoms is due to the small difference of east force and west force. The structural formations in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve a different shaped typical energy to control the orientation of electrons undertaking one more clamp of the energy knot. The involved typical energy has a form like golf-stick, which is half of the parabola shaped trajectory. To undertake double clamping of energy knot, all four targeted electrons of the outer ring (of depositing diamond atom) aligned along the south pole, and all four unfilled energy knots of the outer ring (of deposited diamond atom) positioned along the east-west poles. Thus, the growth of diamond is found to be south to ground. The depositing diamond atom binds to the deposited diamond atom from ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms form the tetra-electron topological structure. Graphene atoms can form structure oppositely to diamond atoms. Binding of lonsdaleite atoms can be from ground to a bit south. To nucleate the structure of glassy carbon, three layers of carbon atoms having different state for each layer, i.e., gaseous, graphite and lonsdaleite, bind in successive manner. Mohs hardness of carbon nanostructures and microstructures is also sketched.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Structural Formation ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Mohs Hardness ◽  
East West

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of carbon. These studies include different ideas for the scientific problems and discuss them within the scope and application. Depending on the processing conditions of a gaseous carbon, it exists in various allotropic forms. The electron transfer mechanism is responsible for converting the gaseous carbon atom into various states – graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene states. A typical energy shaped like parabola trajectory enables transfer of the electron in carbon atom by preserving its equilibrium state. In the conversion of carbon atom from one state to other state, the energy trajectory links to suitable filled state and unfilled state of the east side and the other energy trajectory links to suitable filled state and unfilled state of the west side. In this way, filled state electrons simultaneously transfer to nearby unfilled states through the paths provided by the involved trajectories of typical energy. Here, involved typical energy remains partially conserved. So, the force exerted to the electrons is also partially conserved. Carbon atoms when in graphite, nanotube and fullerene states, they ‘partially evolve and partially develop’ the structures. Atoms form structures of one dimension, two dimensions and four dimensions, respectively. Binding atoms in such structural formations involve the typical energy shaped like parabola, where partially conserved forces also engage at the electron level. The graphite structure under only attained dynamics of atoms is also formed, but in the order of two dimensions and amorphous carbon. Here, a binding energy among graphite atoms is due to the small difference between their east force and west force. Structural formations in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve a different shaped typical energy to control the orientation of electrons undertaking one more clamp of the unfilled energy knot. Here, an involved typical energy has shape like golf-stick, which is half of the trajectory shaped like parabola. To undertake double clamping of energy knot, all four targeted electrons of the outer ring (of depositing diamond atom) aligned along the south pole and all four unfilled energy knots of the outer ring (of deposited diamond atom) positioned along the east-west poles. So, a growth of diamond is found to be south to ground. Here, depositing diamond atom binds to deposited diamond atom ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms form a topological structure of tetra-electron. Graphene atoms can form structure oppositely when compared to structural formation in diamond atoms. Binding of lonsdaleite atoms can be from ground to a bit south. To nucleate the structure of glassy carbon, three layers of carbon atoms having different state for each layer (gaseous, graphite and lonsdaleite) bind in the successive manner. Mohs hardness of nanostructures and microstructures of different carbon materials is also sketched.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Energy Curve ◽  
Structural Formation ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
State Electron ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
East West

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of its element. They include different opinions for scientific problems and discuss fairly convincingly various levels within the scope and application. A gas state carbon atom converts into various states depending on its conditions of processing. The electron transfer mechanism in the gas state carbon atom is responsible to convert it into various states, such as graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene. The shape of ‘energy trajectory’ enables transferring electrons from the left and right sides of an atom are like a parabola. That ‘energy trajectory’ is linked to states (filled state and suitable unfilled state), where forced exertion along the poles of transferring electrons remained balanced. So, the mechanism of originating different states of a gas state carbon atom is under the involvement of energy first. This is not the case for atoms executing confined inter-state electron dynamics as the force is involved first. Graphite, nanotube and fullerene state atoms ‘partially evolve partially develop’ (form) their structures. These possess one-dimensional, two-dimensional and four-dimensional ordering of atoms respectively. Their structural formation also comprises ‘energy curve’ having a shape like parabola. Transferring suitable filled state electron to suitable nearby unfilled state is under a balanced force, exerting along the poles. The graphite structure under only attained dynamics of atoms can also be formed but in two-dimension. Here, binding energy between graphite state carbon atoms is for a small difference of exerting forces along their opposite poles. Structural formation in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve energy to gain required infinitesimal displacements of electrons through which they maintain orientationally-controlled exerting forces along the dedicated poles. In this study, the growth of diamond is found to be south to east-west (ground), where atoms bind ground to south. Thus, diamond atoms merge for a tetra-electron ground to south topological structure. Lonsdaleite atoms merge for a bi-electron ground to a bit south topological structure. The growth of graphene is found to be north to ground, where atoms bind to ground to north. Thus, graphene atoms merge for a tetra-electron ground to north topological structure. Glassy carbon exhibits layered-topological structure, where tri-layers of gas, graphite and lonsdaleite state atoms successively bind in repetitive order. Nanoscale hardness is also sketched based on different force and energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. Here, the structure evolution in each carbon state atom explores its own science.

scholarly journals Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mubarak Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Energy Curve ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Graphite Structure ◽  
Carbon Based

Many studies discuss carbon-based materials because of the versatility of the carbon element. They present different sorts of understandings fairly at convincing and compelling levels. A gas state carbon atom converts into its various states depending on the conditions of processing. The electron transfer mechanism in the gas state carbon atom is responsible for its conversion to various states namely, graphite, nanotube, fullerene, diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene. The shape of energy responsible to transfer electron from the sides (east- and west-poles) of its atom is like parabola that is linked to states where exerted force to relevant poles of transferring electron (from filled state to nearby unfilled state) is remained neutral. So, the mechanism of forming different states of a gaseous carbon atom is under a bit non-conserved involving energy, which is not the case for atoms executing their confined inter-state electron-dynamics. Structure evolved in graphite, nanotube and fullerene states have one-dimensional, two-dimensional and four-dimensional atoms, respectively, and the associated energy curve is like parabola indicating transfer of electrons under neutral exertion of forces to their relevant poles. The graphite structure under only attained-dynamics of atoms is also developed but in two-dimension where engaged binding energy between them is under an influence of a small difference between involved forces of their opposite poles. Structural evolution in diamond, lonsdaleite and graphene atoms involve potential energy of electrons required to undertake infinitesimal displacements under orientationally-controlled exerting forces to their relevant poles. In this study, the growth of diamond was found to be from south to ground in which the atoms were bound in ground to south indicating tetra-electrons ground to south topological structure. Lonsdaleite showed a bi-electrons ground to just-south topological structure. The growth of graphene was just-north to ground; however, the binding of atoms was ground to just-north showing tetra-electrons ground to just-north topological structure. Glassy carbon exhibits layered-topological structure which successively binds tri-layers of gas, graphite and lonsdaleite state atoms in the repetitive manner. In this case, pair of orientated electrons of gas atoms and lonsdaleite atoms in their layers take another clamping of pair of unfilled energy knots by entering from the rear-side and front-side, respectively and to bind to intermediate layers of graphitic carbon atoms. Different carbon atoms develop amorphous structures when they bind under frustrating amalgamation. Hardness of carbon-based materials was also sketched in the light of different force-energy behaviors of different state carbon atoms. Here, structure evolution in each carbon state atom explores its own science.

Impact of Job Stress and Social Support on Job Satisfaction among Academic Staff

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumari Kumkum ◽  
R. N. Singh ◽  
Yogershi Rajpoot
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Four Dimensions

There may be so many negative consequences of stress for human beings and dissatisfaction among employees happens to be one of the major problems. It indicates negative feelings that individuals have regarding their jobs or its facets. On the other hand, social support is assumed to be mitigating the relationship between negative aspects of the work environment and job satisfaction. Job stress is said to be associated with job dissatisfaction as well as experience of strain. In view of the above, this study examined the role of job stress and social support in job satisfaction. The sample consisted of 30 school teachers from different school of Varanasi (U.P.). The job stress, job satisfaction and social support scales were administered on the participants. The responses of the participants were converted into scores for statistical analyses. The scores of participants on the scales were correlated. The findings revealed that job stress led to increased job satisfaction. It is against the proposed hypothesis and it appears as if the social support received by the participants is a factor behind it. Two of the four dimensions of social support were found to exert positive impact on job satisfaction but the other two dimensions were not found to be correlated with it. The findings are thoroughly discussed and interpreted.

Degenerate classical minima and instantons

2021 ◽  
pp. 942-959
Author(s):  
Jean Zinn-Justin
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Stochastic Dynamics ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Quantum Theories ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Charge Conjugation Parity ◽  
Double Well Potential

Instantons play an important role in the following situation: quantum theories corresponding to classical actions that have non-continuously connected degenerate minima. The simplest examples are provided by one-dimensional quantum systems with symmetries and potentials with non-symmetric minima. Classically, the states of minimum energy correspond to a particle sitting at any of the minima of the potential. The position of the particle breaks (spontaneously) the symmetry of the system. By contrast, in quantum mechanics (QM), the modulus of the ground-state wave function is large near all the minima of the potential, as a consequence of barrier penetration effects. Two typical examples illustrate this phenomenon: the double-well potential, and the cosine potential, whose periodic structure is closer to field theory examples. In the context of stochastic dynamics, instantons are related to Arrhenius law. The proof of the existence of instantons relies on an inequality related to supersymmetric structures, and which generalizes to some field theory examples. Again, the presence of instantons again indicates that the classical minima are connected by quantum tunnelling, and that the symmetry between them is not spontaneously broken. Examples of such a situation are provided, in two dimensions, by the charge conjugation parity (CP) (N − 1) models and, in four dimensions, by SU(2) gauge theories.

scholarly journals The Service Quality Dimensions that Affect Customer Satisfaction in the Jordanian Banking Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miklós Pakurár ◽  
Hossam Haddad ◽  
János Nagy ◽  
József Popp ◽  
Judit Oláh
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Initial Model ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
Service Quality Dimensions ◽  
Financial Aspect

Banks must meet the needs of their customers in order to achieve sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to examine service quality dimensions, by using the modified SERVQUAL model, which can be used to measure customer satisfaction, and the effect of these dimensions (tangibles, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, reliability, access, financial aspect, and employee competences) on customer satisfaction in Jordanian banks. Data were gathered from 825 customers in the Jordanian banking sector. The sample data were statistically analyzed through exploratory factor analysis by the SPSS program to determine service quality perception and customer satisfaction. The results illustrate that the modified SERVQUAL Model extracted four subscales in the new model instead of eight in the initial model. The first subscale contains four dimensions—assurance, reliability, access and employee competences. The second subscale consists of two dimensions—responsiveness and empathy. The third and fourth subscales—financial aspect and tangibility—are separate factors. Further studies should consider the dimensions of access, financial aspect, and employee competences as essential parts of service quality dimensions with the other subscales, so as to improve wider customer satisfaction in the banking sector. In the authors’ opinion, the modified SERVQUAL model is useful for addressing customer satisfaction in the banking sector.

scholarly journals TWO-LOOP VACUUM DIAGRAMS IN BACKGROUND FIELD AND THE HEISENBERG–EULER EFFECTIVE ACTION

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (32) ◽  
pp. 5201-5215 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAREK KRASŇANSKÝ
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Form ◽  
Effective Action ◽  
Background Field ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Recursion Relations ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Self Duality

We show that in arbitrary even dimensions, the two-loop scalar QED Heisenberg–Euler effective action can be reduced to simple one-loop quantities, using just algebraic manipulations, when the constant background field satisfies F2 = -f2𝟙, which in four dimensions coincides with the condition for self-duality, or definite helicity. This result relies on new recursion relations between two-loop and one-loop diagrams, with background field propagators. It also yields an explicit form of the renormalized two-loop effective action in a general constant background field in two dimensions.

Random sequential packing in Euclidean spaces of dimensions three and four and a conjecture of Palásti

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 382-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Edwin Blaisdell ◽  
Herbert Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Packing Density ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Euclidean Spaces ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Actual Density ◽  
The Subject

A conjecture of Palásti [11] that the limiting packing density β d in a space of dimension d equals β d where ß is the limiting packing density in one dimension continues to be studied, but with inconsistent results. Some recent correspondence in this journal [7], [8], [13], [14], [15], [16], [18], [19], [20] as well as some other papers indicate a lively interest in the subject. In a prior study [3], we demonstrated that the conjectured value in two dimensions was smaller than the actual density. Here we demonstrate that this is also so in three and four dimensions and that the discrepancy increases with dimension.

scholarly journals Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 480-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Milani ◽  
Matteo Tommasini ◽  
Valeria Russo ◽  
Andrea Li Bassi ◽  
Andrea Lucotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wire Length ◽  
Molecular Group ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman

Graphene, nanotubes and other carbon nanostructures have shown potential as candidates for advanced technological applications due to the different coordination of carbon atoms and to the possibility of π-conjugation. In this context, atomic-scale wires comprised of sp-hybridized carbon atoms represent ideal 1D systems to potentially downscale devices to the atomic level. Carbon-atom wires (CAWs) can be arranged in two possible structures: a sequence of double bonds (cumulenes), resulting in a 1D metal, or an alternating sequence of single–triple bonds (polyynes), expected to show semiconducting properties. The electronic and optical properties of CAWs can be finely tuned by controlling the wire length (i.e., the number of carbon atoms) and the type of termination (e.g., atom, molecular group or nanostructure). Although linear, sp-hybridized carbon systems are still considered elusive and unstable materials, a number of nanostructures consisting of sp-carbon wires have been produced and characterized to date. In this short review, we present the main CAW synthesis techniques and stabilization strategies and we discuss the current status of the understanding of their structural, electronic and vibrational properties with particular attention to how these properties are related to one another. We focus on the use of vibrational spectroscopy to provide information on the structural and electronic properties of the system (e.g., determination of wire length). Moreover, by employing Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman scattering in combination with the support of first principles calculations, we show that a detailed understanding of the charge transfer between CAWs and metal nanoparticles may open the possibility to tune the electronic structure from alternating to equalized bonds.

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