scholarly journals New Classification of Collective Animal Behaviour as an Autonomous System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Niizato ◽  
Kotaro Sakamoto ◽  
Yoh-ichi Mototake ◽  
Hisashi Murakami ◽  
Takenori Tomaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Autonomous System ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Plecoglossus Altivelis ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Integrated Information Theory ◽  
Integrated Information

Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic, causal brain-network structures. This theory has the potential to be useful for conceptualising complex living systems. In a previous study, we analysed collective behaviour in Plecoglossus altivelis and found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four fish. Other measures like mutual information did not have such characteristics. In this study, we followed up on our previous findings and examined timescale effects on integrated information of collective behaviour. We found that a long timescale (1 s) causes Boid-like local interactions to dominate over interactions with the whole, but only when the group size is five at a given time scale (i.e. around 0.2 s). Interestingly, the most suitable time scale is roughly equal to fish reaction time. We used these data to propose a new classification for fish schools, with each size group being a unique and autonomous system, despite small group sizes.

scholarly journals Four-Types of IIT-Induced Group Integrity of Plecoglossus altivelis

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Takayuki Niizato ◽  
Kotaro Sakamoto ◽  
Yoh-ichi Mototake ◽  
Hisashi Murakami ◽  
Takenori Tomaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Plecoglossus Altivelis ◽  
Global Parameter ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Short Time

Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic-causal brain network structures. Particularly, IIT 3.0 targets the system’s cause–effect structure from spatio-temporal grain and reveals the system’s irreducibility. In a previous study, we tried to apply IIT 3.0 to an actual collective behaviour in Plecoglossus altivelis. We found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four schools of fish in terms of Φ value distributions. Other measures did not show similar characteristics. In this study, we followed up on our previous findings and introduced two new factors. First, we defined the global parameter settings to determine a different kind of group integrity. Second, we set several timescales (from Δ t = 5 / 120 to Δ t = 120 / 120 s). The results showed that we succeeded in classifying fish schools according to their group sizes and the degree of group integrity around the reaction time scale of the fish, despite the small group sizes. Compared with the short time scale, the interaction heterogeneity observed in the long time scale seems to diminish. Finally, we discuss one of the longstanding paradoxes in collective behaviour, known as the heap paradox, for which two tentative answers could be provided through our IIT 3.0 analysis.

scholarly journals New Classification of Collective Animal Behaviour as an Autonomous System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Niizato ◽  
Kotaro Sakamoto ◽  
Yoh-ichi Mototake ◽  
Hisashi Murakami ◽  
Takanori Tomaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Plecoglossus Altivelis ◽  
Global Parameter ◽  
Fish School ◽  
Small Group Size ◽  
Integrated Information Theory

Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic-causal brain network structures. This theory could potentially be used for conceptualising complex living systems. In a previous study, we analysed collective behaviour in {\it Plecoglossus altivelis}. We found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four schools of fish in terms of $\Phi$ values (i.e., group integrity). Other measures, such as mutual information, did not show such characteristics. In this study, we follow up on our previous findings and introduce two new factors. First, we define the global parameter settings to determine a different kind of group integrity. Second, we set several timescales (from $\Delta t =5/120$ s to $\Delta t =120/120$ s). The results showed that we succeeded in classifying fish school according to their group size in terms of the degree of group integrity, despite the small group size. The concrete classification includes the followership for a two-fish school, fission--fusion for a three-fish school, emergence of leadership for a four-fish school, and emergence of Boid-like behaviour for a five-fish school. These minute classifications have never been revealed before. Finally, we discuss one of the longstanding paradoxes in collective behaviour, known as the heap paradox, for which two tentative answers could be provided through our IIT analysis.

scholarly journals Finding continuity and discontinuity in fish schools via integrated information theory

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0229573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Niizato ◽  
Kotaro Sakamoto ◽  
Yoh-ichi Mototake ◽  
Hisashi Murakami ◽  
Takenori Tomaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Integrated Information Theory ◽  
Continuity And Discontinuity ◽  
Integrated Information

Triassic Time and Ammonoids: Problems and Proposals

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 989-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Tozer
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Full Range ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Solution Processes ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Outer Whorl ◽  
Single Character ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
Range Of Variation

Problems arising from the classification and dating of Triassic rocks and ammonoids are reviewed. It is emphasized that all chronostratigraphic units must be based on stratotypes in order to achieve an unambiguous time scale. Explanations are sought for anomalies encountered when comparing ammonoid age ranges determined in North America with alleged ranges based on European and Asian occurrences. Most can be resolved by taking into account recent research on penecontemporaneous solution processes or by invoking condensation. Both have resulted in the mixing of natural faunas at European and Asian localities. Review of problems of ammonoid classification and taxonomy indicates that the recognition of a variable species is only possible when the full range of variation has been established in a population, i.e. from a series of specimens of one age obtained from one place. For discriminating higher taxa the evidence indicates that no single character, of either the inner of outer whorl, is of overriding significance for determining phylogenetic relationships. The total absence of marine Triassic rocks on the Atlantic shores supports the conclusion that this Ocean did not exist in Triassic time, but distribution of ammonoids provides some evidence to suggest that Laurasia and Gondwanaland may have been separated in the Middle Triassic. It is suggested that Triassic limestone in red Hallstatt facies may be encountered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project in Wharton Basin, west of Australia. Appendixes include: I, a discussion of the Triassic Time Scale; II, a new classification of all Triassic Ammonoidea; III, diagnoses of new taxa (seven new families, three new subfamilies, and nine new genera).

scholarly journals Criticality as a Determinant of Integrated Information Φ in Human Brain Networks

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Network Configuration ◽  
Irreducible Constituent ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Integrated Information Theory ◽  
Integrated Information

Integrated information theory (IIT) describes consciousness as information integrated across highly differentiated but irreducible constituent parts in a system. However, in a complex dynamic system such as the brain, the optimal conditions for large integrated information systems have not been elucidated. In this study, we hypothesized that network criticality, a balanced state between a large variation in functional network configuration and a large constraint on structural network configuration, may be the basis of the emergence of a large Φ, a surrogate of integrated information. We also hypothesized that as consciousness diminishes, the brain loses network criticality and Φ decreases. We tested these hypotheses with a large-scale brain network model and high-density electroencephalography (EEG) acquired during various levels of human consciousness under general anesthesia. In the modeling study, maximal criticality coincided with maximal Φ. The EEG study demonstrated an explicit relationship between Φ, criticality, and level of consciousness. The conscious resting state showed the largest Φ and criticality, whereas the balance between variation and constraint in the brain network broke down as the response rate dwindled. The results suggest network criticality as a necessary condition of a large Φ in the human brain.

New Classification of Gemstone Colours

1971 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 262-266
Author(s):  
K. F. Chudoba
Keyword(s):  
New Classification

Reductionism and holism in the philosophy of medicine

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
E. Zakablukovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Medicine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
New Classification

The article highlights certain aspects of the discussion on the topic of reductionism vs. holism in the philosophy of medicine. Classic radical reductionism is defeated by the concept of emergence. The s.c. bio-medical point of view on a malady, despite its relevance and clear benefit, is not recognized as universal as its adherents may claim, and it yields to an integral psycho-bio-social model. The author introduces a new classification of holism (vitalistic, social and individualistic) and makes appropriate recommendations to clinicians. It is social holism at the macro level that has proven effective in combating the spread of COVID-19.

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