scholarly journals New Classification of Collective Animal Behaviour as an Autonomous System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Niizato ◽  
Kotaro Sakamoto ◽  
Yoh-ichi Mototake ◽  
Hisashi Murakami ◽  
Takanori Tomaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Plecoglossus Altivelis ◽  
Global Parameter ◽  
Fish School ◽  
Small Group Size ◽  
Integrated Information Theory

Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic-causal brain network structures. This theory could potentially be used for conceptualising complex living systems. In a previous study, we analysed collective behaviour in {\it Plecoglossus altivelis}. We found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four schools of fish in terms of $\Phi$ values (i.e., group integrity). Other measures, such as mutual information, did not show such characteristics. In this study, we follow up on our previous findings and introduce two new factors. First, we define the global parameter settings to determine a different kind of group integrity. Second, we set several timescales (from $\Delta t =5/120$ s to $\Delta t =120/120$ s). The results showed that we succeeded in classifying fish school according to their group size in terms of the degree of group integrity, despite the small group size. The concrete classification includes the followership for a two-fish school, fission--fusion for a three-fish school, emergence of leadership for a four-fish school, and emergence of Boid-like behaviour for a five-fish school. These minute classifications have never been revealed before. Finally, we discuss one of the longstanding paradoxes in collective behaviour, known as the heap paradox, for which two tentative answers could be provided through our IIT analysis.

scholarly journals New Classification of Collective Animal Behaviour as an Autonomous System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Niizato ◽  
Kotaro Sakamoto ◽  
Yoh-ichi Mototake ◽  
Hisashi Murakami ◽  
Takenori Tomaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Autonomous System ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Plecoglossus Altivelis ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Integrated Information Theory ◽  
Integrated Information

Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic, causal brain-network structures. This theory has the potential to be useful for conceptualising complex living systems. In a previous study, we analysed collective behaviour in Plecoglossus altivelis and found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four fish. Other measures like mutual information did not have such characteristics. In this study, we followed up on our previous findings and examined timescale effects on integrated information of collective behaviour. We found that a long timescale (1 s) causes Boid-like local interactions to dominate over interactions with the whole, but only when the group size is five at a given time scale (i.e. around 0.2 s). Interestingly, the most suitable time scale is roughly equal to fish reaction time. We used these data to propose a new classification for fish schools, with each size group being a unique and autonomous system, despite small group sizes.

scholarly journals Four-Types of IIT-Induced Group Integrity of Plecoglossus altivelis

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Takayuki Niizato ◽  
Kotaro Sakamoto ◽  
Yoh-ichi Mototake ◽  
Hisashi Murakami ◽  
Takenori Tomaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Collective Behaviour ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Plecoglossus Altivelis ◽  
Global Parameter ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Short Time

Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic-causal brain network structures. Particularly, IIT 3.0 targets the system’s cause–effect structure from spatio-temporal grain and reveals the system’s irreducibility. In a previous study, we tried to apply IIT 3.0 to an actual collective behaviour in Plecoglossus altivelis. We found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four schools of fish in terms of Φ value distributions. Other measures did not show similar characteristics. In this study, we followed up on our previous findings and introduced two new factors. First, we defined the global parameter settings to determine a different kind of group integrity. Second, we set several timescales (from Δ t = 5 / 120 to Δ t = 120 / 120 s). The results showed that we succeeded in classifying fish schools according to their group sizes and the degree of group integrity around the reaction time scale of the fish, despite the small group sizes. Compared with the short time scale, the interaction heterogeneity observed in the long time scale seems to diminish. Finally, we discuss one of the longstanding paradoxes in collective behaviour, known as the heap paradox, for which two tentative answers could be provided through our IIT 3.0 analysis.

Die Wirksamkeit eines Frühinterventionsprogramms für Jugendliche mit Computerspiel- und Internetabhängigkeit: Mittelfristige Effekte der PROTECT+ Studie

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Szász-Janocha ◽  
Eva Vonderlin ◽  
Katajun Lindenberg
Keyword(s):  
Internet Use ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Reliable Change Index ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Statistical Classification ◽  
Reliable Change ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Statistical Classification

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Das junge Störungsbild der Computerspiel- und Internetabhängigkeit hat in den vergangenen Jahren in der Forschung zunehmend an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Durch die Aufnahme der „Gaming Disorder“ in die ICD-11 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) wurde die Notwendigkeit von evidenzbasierten und wirksamen Interventionen avanciert. PROTECT+ ist ein kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisches Gruppentherapieprogramm für Jugendliche mit Symptomen der Computerspiel- und Internetabhängigkeit. Die vorliegende Studie zielt auf die Evaluation der mittelfristigen Effekte nach 4 Monaten ab. Methodik: N = 54 Patientinnen und Patienten im Alter von 9 bis 19 Jahren (M = 13.48; SD = 1.72) nahmen an der Frühinterventionsstudie zwischen April 2016 und Dezember 2017 in Heidelberg teil. Die Symptomschwere wurde zu Beginn, zum Abschluss der Gruppentherapie sowie nach 4 Monaten anhand von standardisierten Diagnostikinstrumenten erfasst. Ergebnisse: Mehrebenenanalysen zeigten eine signifikante Reduktion der Symptomschwere anhand der Computerspielabhängigkeitsskala (CSAS) nach 4 Monaten. Im Selbstbeurteilungsbogen zeigte sich ein kleiner Effekt (d = 0.35), im Elternurteil ein mittlerer Effekt (d = 0.77). Der Reliable Change Index, der anhand der Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) berechnet wurde, deutete auf eine starke Heterogenität im individuellen Symptomverlauf hin. Die Patientinnen und Patienten bewerteten das Programm zu beiden Follow-Up-Messzeitpunkten mit einer hohen Zufriedenheit. Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt international eine der wenigen Studien dar, die eine Reduktion der Symptome von Computerspiel- und Internetabhängigkeit im Jugendalter über 4 Monate belegen konnte.

scholarly journals NIMG-53. GLUTAMATE/GABA RATIO ON MRS IS ELEVATED IN PATIENTS WITH LOWER GRADE GLIOMAS AND SEIZURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii159-ii160
Author(s):  
Roberta Rudà ◽  
Riccardo Pascuzzo ◽  
Francesca Mo ◽  
Alessia Pellerino ◽  
Peter B Barker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Location ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Baseline Evaluation ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Grade Iii

Abstract BACKGROUND There is lack of information on the role of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the development of seizures in patients with lower grade gliomas. Increase of glutamate and downregulation of GABA have been suggested in preclinical models and human surgical samples to be associated with brain tumor-related epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We prospectively investigated with the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) the differences in the ratio of metabolites (glutamate/GABA, glutamate/creatine and GABA/creatine) in the peritumoral areas between patients with or without seizures in a series of lower grade gliomas. Tumors were classified according to WHO Classification of 2016 as follows:11 grade II IDH mutated and 1p/19q codeleted; 3 grade III IDH mutated and 1p/19q codeleted; 6 grade II IDH mutated and 1p/19q intact; 1 grade III IDH mutated and 1p/19q intact; 1 grade II IDH wild-type. Patients received surgery alone or followed by temozolomide chemotherapy according to the presence of risk factors. RESULTS At baseline evaluation, maximum glutamate/GABA values were significantly higher (p=0.023) in the peritumoral area of patients with seizures (1.008 ± 0.368) with respect to those without seizures (0.691 ± 0.170). No other metabolites ratio showed significant differences between the two groups. Similar results were obtained when analyzing the metabolites ratio in the examinations during the follow-up. In the cohort of patients with seizures (n.14) variations of metabolite ratios were not associated with tumor location, 1p/19q codeletion, use of AEDs, concomitant chemotherapy or seizure characteristics (type, duration, frequency). CONCLUSIONS The study is ongoing with the aim of analyzing further the correlations between ratio of metabolites and status of the tumor (stable vs progressive).

MRI analysis and surgical treatment of Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs

2021 ◽  
pp. 175319342098321
Author(s):  
Anyuan Wang ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
Long Wang ◽  
Tinggang Chu ◽  
Zhipeng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Surgical Reconstruction ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Secondary Operations ◽  
Type C

We present the MRI findings for 39 Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs in 38 patients. We found that MRI revealed the morphology of the cartilaginous connection between the thumb anlages and the location of the deviation corresponding to the classification of Horii, which allowed precise preoperative planning of corrective osteotomies. All 39 thumbs were available for follow-up after surgical reconstruction at a mean of 29 months (range 25 to 39). Four out of nine Horii Type A cases and all 12 Type B, as well as the six Type C and the six Type D cases, achieved good results according to the Tada scoring system. Five Type A cases achieved fair results with residual stiffness of the interphalangeal joint. No secondary operations were needed. We conclude that MRI proved useful in subclassifying Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs and may aid in planning the osteotomies needed for their reconstruction. Level of evidence: IV

scholarly journals Is podocytopathy another image of renal affection in p-SLE?

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hend H. Abdelnabi
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Immune Deposits ◽  
Foot Process ◽  
Lupus Podocytopathy ◽  
Focal Segmental Sclerosis ◽  
Nephrotic Range Proteinuria

Abstract Background Lupus podocytopathy (LP) is a renal affection described in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with nephrotic range proteinuria, characterized by diffuse foot process effacement without immune deposits and glomerular proliferation. This study describes LP, its pathological features and outcomes of pediatric (p-SLE) patients in comparison to the usual lupus nephritis (LN) cases. Methodology A retrospective cohort study conducted on a 10-year registration (2010–2019) of 140 p-SLE patients at the Pediatric Department, Tanta University. Histopathological analysis with light microscopy (LM) and immunofluorescence (IF) of all renal biopsies were evaluated according to the International Society of Nephrology Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) grading system. In addition, some biopsies were examined with electron microscopy (EM). Results Eighty-six p-SLE cases (61.4%) had renal involvement; seventy-nine biopsies (91.86%) of them met the classification criteria of LN as defined by ISN/RPS system. Five biopsies were normal (MCD) and two showed focal segmental sclerosis (FSGN) that did not meet any known classification of LN. Hence, they were reevaluated using EM that revealed diffuse effaced podocytes without glomerular sub-epithelial, endocapillary or basement membrane immune deposits, and were classified as having lupus podocytopathy, representing (8.14%) of all LN biopsies. Those seven cases showed good response to steroids with a complete remission duration of 3.40 ± 1.95 weeks. However, some case had 1–3 relapses during the duration of follow up. Conclusions LP is a spectrum of p-SLE, not an association as it is related to disease activity and its initial presentation.

The twelve-month outcome of patients with neurotic illness in general practice

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Mann ◽  
R. Jenkins ◽  
E. Belsey
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Assessment Measures ◽  
Psychiatric State ◽  
One Year

SYNOPSISOne hundred patients, selected to be representative of those attending general practitioners with non-psychotic psychiatric disorders were followed up for one year. standard assessments of mental state, personality, social stresses and supports were carried out for each patient at the outset and after a year.The outcome for this cohort determined both by the level of psychiatric morbidity at interview after one year and by the pattern of the psychiatric morbidity during the year has been analysed with reference to the assessment measures. Discriminant function analysis indicates that the initial estimate of the severity of the psychiatric morbidity and a rating of the quality of the social life at the time of follow-up are the only factors that significantly predict the psychiatric state after one year. Social measures also predict a pattern of illness charactorized by a rapid recovery after the initial assessemtn. Patients who reported continuous psychiatric morbidity during the year were, older, physically ill and very likely to have recevied psychotropic drugs. Receipt of this medication during the year was associated with initial assessments of abnormality of personality, older age, and a diagnosis of depression.The findings of this study are seen to support a triaxial assessment and classification of non-psychotic psychiatirc disorders, with symptoms, personality and social state being rated independently.

Leg Varices Originating from the Pelvis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Vascular ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milka Greiner ◽  
Geoffrey L. Gilling-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Repeat Surgery ◽  
Recurrent Reflux ◽  
Venous Circulation ◽  
Platinum Coils

This article reports the investigation and treatment of 24 women presenting with recurrent lower limb varicosities secondary to reflux within the pelvic venous circulation. Diagnosis based on selective retrograde pelvic phlebography enabled precise identification and classification of sites of incompetence. A total of 74 veins were treated by embolization with platinum coils and glue prior to repeat surgery to the lower limb veins. At 4-year follow-up, signs of stasis had disappeared in all patients. Repeat phlebography revealed no evidence of recurrent reflux at the sites of treatment. One patient developed recurrent varices due to incomplete embolization of incompetent pelvic veins. Endovascular occlusion of incompetent pelvic veins is an effective treatment for varicose veins secondary to pelvic venous incompetence.

Rare Diseases, Common Problems: Recognition and Management

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1056-1060
Author(s):  
Neil A. Holtzman
Keyword(s):  
Johns Hopkins Hospital ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Common Problems

Although a growing number of inherited metaboic diseases can be treated effectively, diagnosis often comes too late to benefit the patient. There are at least two ways, however, in which diagnosis can be made before irreversible damage occurs. First, physicians whose services are sought when a patient becomes ill could be attuned to the possibility of metabolic conditions. This is difficult when the initial symptoms, for example, vomiting or poor feeding, resemble those of common, self-limited illnesses, or when they suggest, as with respiratory distress, other categories of serious illness. Second, all infants could be screened for indicators of some of these conditions. Then the primary physician has a responsibility to determine the significance of both positive and negative results and to decide whether follow-up is needed. This study had three objectives: (1) to determine whether physicians are aware of the common problems with which inherited metabolic conditions often present; (2) to determine whether their management of common problems facilitates the early diagnosis of such conditions; and (3) to assess their evaluation of screening test results. METHODS Physicians who were participating in three continuing education programs were asked to answer, anonymously, several questions dealing with recognition and in management of geneticmetaboic diseases before they were given any instruction on the subject. The same questionnaire was distributed to the pediatric house staff at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. The tabulated results were discussed with the respondents collectively during hour-long conferences. RESULTS AND COMMENTS Classification of Respondents One hundred fifty-six physicians returned the questionnaire: 67 pediatricians (in practice, 56; full-time faculty, 6: unknown, 5), 30 general or family practitioners, and 59 pediatric house officers.

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