scholarly journals A Comprehensive Evolutionary Theory Deduced from Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Group Evolution

Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain incomplete, controversial and inadequate in explaining origin of life and macroevolution. Here we create the concept of carbon-based entities (CBEs) which include methane, amino acids, proteins, bacteria, animals, plants, and other entities containing carbon atoms. From thermodynamics, we deduce the driving force, the progressive mechanisms, and the major steps of CBE evolution, and hence establish a comprehensive evolutionary theory termed the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET). CBEET highlights that evolution is driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics and favors fitness and diversity. It provides novel explanations for origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, natural selection, sympatric speciation, and animal group evolution in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. It elucidates that collaboration, altruism, obeying rules with properly increased freedom are important throughout the CBE evolution. It refutes thoroughly the notion that negative entropy (negentropy) leads to biological order which is distinct from thermodynamic order. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and bridges laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Evolutionary Theory Deduced from Thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Group Evolution

Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain incomplete, controversial, and inadequate in explaining origin of life and macroevolution. Here we create the concept of carbon-based entities (CBEs) which include methane, amino acids, proteins, bacteria, animals, plants, and other entities containing carbon atoms. We then deduce the driving force, the progressive mechanisms, and the major steps of CBE evolution from thermodynamics. We hence establish a comprehensive evolutionary theory termed the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET), which suggests that evolution is driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics and favors fitness and diversity. The CBEET provides novel explanations for origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, natural selection, sympatric speciation, and animal group evolution in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. It elucidates that collaboration, altruism, obeying rules with properly increased freedom are important throughout the CBE evolution. It refutes thoroughly the notion that negative entropy (negentropy) leads to biological order which is distinct from thermodynamic order. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and links up laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Evolutionary Theory Deduced from Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Group Evolution

The current evolutionary theories have remained incomplete, controversial, and stagnant for multiple decades. To solve this issue, we create the concept of carbon-based entities (CBEs) which include methane, amino acids, proteins, organisms, and other entities containing carbon atoms. We deduce from thermodynamics the driving force, the progressive mechanisms, and the major steps of evolution of CBEs, and hence establish a comprehensive evolutionary theory termed the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET). The CBEET demonstrates that evolution is driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics and favors fitness and diversity. It provides novel explanations for origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, natural selection, sympatric speciation, evolution tempos, animal group evolution, and human society development in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. It elucidates that collaboration, altruism, obeying rules with properly increased freedom are important throughout evolution of CBEs. It refutes thoroughly the wrong notion that negative entropy (negentropy) leads to biological order which is distinct from thermodynamic order. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and bridges laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Evolutionary Theory Deduced from Thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Group Evolution

Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain scattered and controversial. Here we deduce that, thermodynamically, many carbon-based entities (CBEs) on the Earth tend to absorb energy from widespread relatively temperate heat streams on the Earth flowing from the solar, geothermal, and other energy sources, to form higher-hierarchy CBEs (HHCBEs). This has been the driving force of evolution leading to accumulation and regeneration of HHCBEs for billions of years. We further deduce three progressive mechanisms of evolution from the driving force. We hence establish the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET) which suggests that evolution driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics favors fitness and diversity. The CBEET provides novel explanations for origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, natural selection, sympatric speciation, and animal group evolution in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. It elucidates that altruism, collaboration, and obeying rules with increasing freedom are important throughout the CBE evolution. It refutes thoroughly the notion that negative entropy leads to order in biology which is distinct from order in thermodynamics. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and links up laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Group Evolution ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain scattered and controversial. Here we deduce that, thermodynamically, many carbon-based entities (CBEs) on the Earth tend to absorb energy from widespread relatively temperate heat streams on the Earth flowing from the solar, geothermal, and other energy sources, to form higher-hierarchy CBEs (HHCBEs). This has been the driving force of evolution leading to accumulation of HHCBEs for billions of years. We further deduce three progressive mechanisms of evolution including natural selection from the driving force. We hence establish the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET) which reinterprets the major aspects of evolution in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. The CBEET provides novel explanations for natural selection, origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, sympatric speciation, and evolutionary tempos. It suggests that evolution is driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics and favors fitness and diversity. It elucidates that altruism, collaboration, and obeying rules with balanced freedom are important throughout the CBE evolution which includes chemical evolution, biological evolution, and animal group evolution. The CBEET refutes several erroneous views including negative entropy and survival of the fittest. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and links up laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Group Evolution ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain scattered and controversial. Here we deduce that, thermodynamically, many carbon-based entities (CBEs) on the Earth tend to absorb energy from widespread relatively temperate heat streams on the Earth flowing from the solar, geothermal, and other energy sources, to form higher-hierarchy CBEs (HHCBEs). This has been the driving force of evolution leading to accumulation of HHCBEs for billions of years. We further deduce three progressive mechanisms of evolution including natural selection from the driving force. We hence establish the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET) which reinterprets the major aspects of evolution in a comprehensive and comprehensible way. The CBEET provides novel explanations for natural selection, origin of life (abiogenesis), macroevolution, sympatric speciation, and evolutionary tempos. It suggests that evolution is driven hierarchy-wise by thermodynamics and favors fitness and diversity. It elucidates that altruism, collaboration, and obeying rules with balanced freedom are important throughout the CBE evolution which includes chemical evolution, biological evolution, and animal group evolution. The CBEET refutes several erroneous views including negative entropy and survival of the fittest. It integrates with research advances in multiple disciplines and links up laws of physics, evolution in biology, and harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Chemical Effect ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Carbon Based

It is desirable to upgrade previous evolutionary theories, which have remained incomplete and controversial for decades. Here we employ the concept of carbon-based entities (CBEs), which include methane, amino acids, proteins, organisms, and other entities containing relatively many carbon atoms. We deduce the driving force, mechanisms, steps, modes, tempos of CBE evolution, through integration of biology, physics, and chemistry using logics for complex issues. We hence establish the Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). The CBET suggests that evolution is the increase in hierarchy, diversity, fitness of CBEs under natural selection and driven by thermodynamics due to the chemical effect of the thermodynamic features of the Earth on CBEs. It provides better explanations for life origin, macroevolution events, natural selection, sympatric speciation, and evolution tempos than previous evolutionary theories. It reveals the evolutionary basis of multiple important social notions, including diversity, collaboration, altruism, obeying rules, and proper increase in freedom. It refutes some wrong notions in thermodynamics, including negative entropy (negentropy) and that biological order is equal to thermodynamic order, which have misled many people. The CBET is supported by its deduction and application. It could be a rare bridge linking laws of thermodynamics, evolution of life, and development of human society, and could have great significance in various sciences.

scholarly journals The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Human Society ◽  
The One

Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain scattered, complicated, elusive, and controversial. To address this issue, a novel evolutionary theory is deduced from thermodynamics in this article. As per the formula of Gibbs free energy, carbon-based entities (CBEs) on Earth tend to absorb more energy. This is the evolutionary driving force leading to organic synthesis of higher-hierarchy CBEs (HHCBEs). The organic synthesis raises the amount of HHCBEs and increases the structural complexity and hierarchy of CBEs. Increased structural complexity and hierarchy spontaneously offer complicated functions to HHCBEs. Genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and uninheritable variations provide diversified HHCBEs for natural selection which is redefined as survival of the fit and elimination of the unfit, leading to increase of diversity and fitness of HHCBEs. Order in biology resulting from permanent natural selection is largely contrary to order in physics. Natural selection acts on the overall fitness involving all traits through the co-action of positive selection and negative selection. Natural selection can establish biological traits in short geological periods. Different combinations of traits can lead to sympatric speciation targeting the same niche. Altruism, collaboration, and obeying rules with balanced freedom are all important throughout the CBE evolution which harbors three overlapping phases including chemical evolution (abiogenesis), biological evolution, and group evolution. Altogether, this theory termed the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET) suggests that evolution which favors fitness and diversity is driven hierarchy-wise by energy. It reveals the driving force of evolution and reestablishes the key role of natural selection. It integrates with advances from multiple disciplines and provides simple and rational answers to some evolutionary conundrums. It removes several elusive or erroneous views including the one regarding negative entropy. It bridges natural sciences and social sciences and sheds novel insights into harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals The Driving Force and Progressive Mechanisms of Evolution Deduced from Thermodynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Human Society ◽  
The One

Studies on evolution have made significant progress in multiple disciplines, but evolutionary theories remain scattered, complicated, elusive, and controversial. To address this issue, a novel evolutionary theory is deduced from thermodynamics in this article. As per the formula of Gibbs free energy, carbon-based entities (CBEs) on Earth tend to absorb more energy. This is the evolutionary driving force leading to organic synthesis of higher-hierarchy CBEs (HHCBEs). The organic synthesis raises the amount of HHCBEs and increases the structural complexity and hierarchy of CBEs. Increased structural complexity and hierarchy spontaneously offer complicated functions to HHCBEs. Genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and uninheritable variations provide diversified HHCBEs for natural selection which is redefined as survival of the fit and elimination of the unfit, leading to increase of diversity and fitness of HHCBEs. Order in biology resulting from permanent natural selection is largely contrary to order in physics. Natural selection acts on the overall fitness involving all traits through the co-action of positive selection and negative selection. Natural selection can establish biological traits in short geological periods. Different combinations of traits can lead to sympatric speciation targeting the same niche. Altruism, collaboration, and obeying rules with balanced freedom are all important throughout the CBE evolution, which harbors three overlapping phases including chemical evolution (abiogenesis), biological evolution, and group evolution. Altogether, this theory termed the CBE evolutionary theory (CBEET) suggests that evolution which favors fitness and diversity is driven hierarchy-wise by energy. It reveals the driving force of evolution and reestablishes the key role of natural selection. It integrates with advances from multiple disciplines and provides simple and rational answers to some evolutionary conundrums. It removes several elusive or erroneous views including the one regarding negative entropy. It bridges natural sciences and social sciences and sheds novel insights into harmonious development of human society.

scholarly journals The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Carbon Based

Evolution is fundamental to natural sciences and social sciences. Existing evolutionary theories are incomplete and unable to explain multiple evolutionary issues. To establish a comprehensive and comprehensible evolutionary theory, we employ the concept carbon-based entities (CBEs), which include methane, glucose, proteins, organisms, and other entities chemically containing carbon atoms. We deduce the steps, driving forces, and mechanisms of evolution of CBEs, through integration of geology, physics (particularly the second law of thermodynamics), chemistry (particularly chemical reactions of CBEs), and biology (particularly the essence of reproduction, genomes, and natural selection). We hence establish the Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET), which suggests that evolution is the increase in the amount, diversity, and fitness of higher-hierarchy CBEs under natural selection and driven by the organic synthesis tendency on the Earth from the thermodynamic features of the Earth. It provides better explanations for various evolutionary issues (e.g. life origin, neutral mutation, speciation, and evolutionary tempos) than existing evolutionary theories. It reveals the physiochemical roots of biological evolution and the evolutionary roots of multiple social notions important to harmonious development of human society. It refutes from a novel respect some incorrect thermodynamic notions regarding evolution (e.g. negative entropy). It hence removes contradictions between physiochemistry, biology, and social sciences, and bridges them through evolution. The CBET is reliable as per its deduction and applications. Therefore, the CBET is more scientific and comprehensive than existing evolutionary theories, and could have great significance in natural sciences and social sciences. Meanwhile, the CBET is open to optimization and extension.

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