Fiber Optic Deployed Behind Cemented Casing in a Vertical Deep Tight Gas Well Used to Enhance Hydraulic Fracturing, Monitoring and Diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Rashid Al-Jahdhami ◽  
Juan Carlos Chavez ◽  
Shaima Abdul Aziz Al-Farsi
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Radioactive Tracers ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Fracture Geometry ◽  
Fracture Simulation

Abstract The use of fiber optic (FO) to obtain distributed sensing be it Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS), Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) or Distributed Strain Sensing (DSS) is a well & reservoir surveillance engineer's dream. The ability to obtain real-time live data has proven useful not only for production monitoring but during fracture stimulation as well. A trial the first of its kind in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) used fiber optic cable cemented in place behind casing to monitor the fracture operations. Several techniques are used to determine fracture behaviour and geometry e.g. data fracs, step down test and after closure analysis. All these use surface pressure readings that can be limited due to uncertainty in friction pressure losses and the natural complexity in the formation leading to very different interpretations. Post frac data analysis and diagnostics also involves importing the actual frac data into the original model used to design the frac in order to calibrate the strains (tectonics), width exponent (frac fluid efficiency) and the relative permeability. Monitoring the frac using DAS and DTS proved critical in understanding a key component in fracture geometry; frac height. The traditional method to determine fracture height is to use radioactive tracers (RA). But these are expensive and the data only available after the job (after drilling the plugs and cleaning the wellbore). In contrast fiber optic can provide real time data throughout the frac stages including the proppant free PAD stage which tracers can't. The comparison of DTS and Radioactive Tracers showed very good agreement suggesting that DTS could replace RA diagnostic. Hydraulic fracture stimulation operations in well-xx was the first one of its kind to be monitored with fiber optic. The integrated analysis of the available logs allowed us to benchmark various information and gain confidence in the conclusions. This helped fine tune the model for future wells for a more optimized zonal targeting and hydraulic fracture design. In this paper we will share the detailed evaluation of the fracture propagation behaviour and how combining the fiber optic data with the surface pressure, pumping rates and tracer logs in conjunction with a fracture simulation platform where a detailed geomechanical and subsurface characterization data is incorporated to get a more accurate description of fracture geometry.

Case study of hydraulic fracture monitoring using multiwell integrated analysis based on low-frequency DAS data

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 794-800
Author(s):  
Masaru Ichikawa ◽  
Shinnosuke Uchida ◽  
Masafumi Katou ◽  
Isao Kurosawa ◽  
Kohei Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Propagation Direction ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Cumulative Strain

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an effective technique for hydraulic fracture monitoring. It can potentially constrain fracture propagation direction and time while monitoring strain perturbation, such as stress shadowing. In this study, we acquired passive DAS and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data throughout the entire fracturing operations of adjacent production wells with varying offset lengths from the fiber-optic cable in the Montney tight gas area. We applied data processing techniques to the DAS data to extract low-frequency components (less than 0.5 Hz) and to construct the strain rate and cumulative strain maps for detecting responses related to fracture hits along the fiber-optic cable. We used low-frequency DAS (LF-DAS) results to estimate the fracture hit position and time, and in certain cases, to additionally estimate the fracture connection. By integrating LF-DAS results with DTS results, we detected the temperature changes around the compression response near the fracture hit position and time. Furthermore, we observed that timing of the fracture hit can be constrained more precisely by using high-frequency DAS data (greater than 10 Hz). We estimated the fracture propagation direction and speed from the estimated fracture hit position and time. The fracture propagation direction deviated slightly from a perpendicular line to the fiber direction. In addition, as estimated from the first fracture hit time, the fracture length and fluid injection volume had a proportional relationship. Due to challenges associated with the data, it is important to design data acquisition geometry and fracturing operations on the premise of acquiring LF-DAS data. It is also important to apply an additional noise reduction process to the data.

Design of Data Acquisition System for Fiber Optic Gyro Based on the FAT32 File System

2013 ◽  
Vol 365-366 ◽  
pp. 658-661
Author(s):  
Ying Bo Cai ◽  
Huan Zha ◽  
Xue Tong Wei
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Real Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Fiber Optic Gyro ◽  
Fiber Optic Gyroscope ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Large Capacity

Demand for high-speed fiber optic gyroscope data acquisition and real-time record, the design of the SD Card as storage medium to large capacity fiber optic gyro high - speed real - time acquisition and bulk storage systems, The system by applying the sd2.0 protocol and fat32 file systems in the system, enable real - time Data Acquisition of fiber optic gyro and large capacity storage. Experiments have shown that the system properly designed, easy to use, high reliability to meet the actual demand, is of important practical significance.

Challenging Assumptions About Fracture Stimulation Placement Effectiveness Using Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing Diagnostics: Diversion, Stage Isolation and Overflushing

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Ugueto C. ◽  
Paul T. Huckabee ◽  
Mathieu M. Molenaar
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Distributed Sensing ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Real Time Analysis ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation

Abstract The connection of the wellbore to the hydrocarbon resource volumes via effective fracture stimulation is a critical factor in unconventional reservoir completions. Various well construction and dynamic placement methods are used to distribute treatment volumes into targeted sections of the wellbore. This paper provides some insights into the effectiveness of hydraulic fracture stimulation process using Fiber Optics (FO): distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS). This paper reviews examples from multiple wells where FO has been used to gain a better understanding of three highly debated fracture stimulation distribution topics: Diversion, Stage Isolation and Overflushing. Diversion is increasingly being used as a way to improve the efficiency of hydraulic fracture stimulation distributions. The effectiveness of the diversion techniques has traditionally been judged on the basis of surface pressure response during treatment and ultimately, from production comparisons to reference wells. Unfortunately, getting clear answers from production performance takes significant time. FO allows for monitoring of the diversion process in real-time. Analysis of DAS and DTS responses is used to quantify diversion efficiency in re-directing hydraulic fracture stimulation from dominant perforation clusters to those not being stimulated. Lack of isolation between stages has frequently been observed in wells with diagnostics. There is consensus amongst the completion community that communication between stages is highly undesirable because the energy and materials of the stimulation are partially or totally misdirected from the target interval to other portions of the wellbore. The analysis of DAS and DTS not only can help determine the frequency of occurrence of communication between stages in cemented and uncemented horizontal wells but also can provide insights about the different communication paths. Fiber Optic distributed sensing in conjunction with complementary diagnostics is also being used to investigate if connections are being maintained at the end of the treatment between the newly created fracs and the wellbore. The use of integrated diagnostics allows evaluation of the frequency in which overflushing (over-displacement) occurs in both vertical and horizontal wells and its impact on well inflow performance where production profiling data is available.

Real-Time Electron Diffraction. Part III: Image Transfer via Fiber Optics

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Ewbank ◽  
David W. Paul ◽  
Lothar Schäfer ◽  
Reza Bakhtiar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Image Transfer ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Mean Amplitudes Of Vibration ◽  
Structure Determinations ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
First Time

Improvements are described in photodiode-array real-time data recording for gas electron diffraction (GED). When the conventional glass window and lens optics in a previously reported detector configuration are replaced by fiber optic components, two significant effects arise: (1) detector gain is enhanced to the extent that it is now possible to detect nanoliter samples in combined GED-GC (gas chromatography) experiments, and (2) for the first time since the development of the real-time recording scheme, molecular mean amplitudes of vibration are within error limits of literature values. Thus the method now affords full molecular structure determinations, including bond distances and angles, and their associated mean vibrational properties.

scholarly journals Distributed FiberOptic Sensing for Hydraulic-Fracturing Monitoring and Diagnostics

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 02046
Author(s):  
Yiqiang Li ◽  
Junrong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Fracture Diagnosis ◽  
Horizontal Wellbore ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensing ◽  
Monitoring And Diagnostics ◽  
Cluster Efficiency

Fiber-optic sensing (FOS) are an emerging technology in hydraulic fracture diagnosis. Fiber-optic sensing technologies mainly include distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and distributed sound sensing (DAS). During hydraulic fracturing, the perforation cluster efficiency for cemented plug and perforation (PnP) wells, points of fracture initiation for packer and sleeve (PnS), and fluid channelling between fractured intervals caused by either tubular or annular leaks could be quantitatively evaluated by DTS data. Combined with DAS data, fluid distributions for each fracturing stage along the entire horizontal wellbore could be obtained. The roles of DTS and DAS in different hydraulic fracture stages are comprehensively analyzed in this paper. It provides a guidance for application of FOs in oil industry.

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