The First Behind-Casing Fiber-Optic Installation in a High-Pressure High-Temperature Deep Gas Well in Oman

This paper discusses the first fiber-optic (FO) installation in a vertical high-pressure high-temperature deep gas well in PDO, Oman. A specially designed fiber-optic cable was successfully installed and cemented behind the production casing, which was subsequently perforated in an oriented manner without damaging the cable. This paper also describes how the fiber-optic cable was used afterwards to acquire Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) data for the purpose of hydraulic fracturing diagnostics. Fiber-optic surveillance is becoming an increasingly important activity for well and reservoir surveillance. The added complexity of the fiber-optic installation will affect the well design, which is one of the elements that requires focused attention, especially when the fiber is installed behind casing. The impact on casing design, wellhead design, perforation strategy, and logging requirements will all be discussed. In order for a well to be completed with a permanent fiber-optic cable, a few critical procedures need to be followed, including: –modifying the wellhead design to include feedthrough ports for the cable;–optimizing the cement design;–imposing strict procedures to ensure the cable is installed behind the casing without getting stuck;–changing the perforation phasing to avoid damaging the cable;–mapping the location of the cable to allow the gun string to be oriented away from the cable. The fiber-optic cable itself needed to be designed to be protected in such a way that it would not be damaged during installation and completion (perf/frac) activities. Furthermore, the cable was also optimized to improve its detectability, to aid the oriented perforation. In deep gas wells, much more than in conventional shallow water injectors or oil producers, the well integrity aspect should be given special attention. Specifically, any risks related to unwanted gas leaks, either through the control line, poor cement, or because of other design errors should be avoided. In deep gas wells, high temperature and pressure will also play a big role in the expected lifespan of the cable. Finally, the well was hydraulically fractured in four stages, using the "plug-and-perf" technique, during which DAS and DTS data were acquired continuously and across all depths of the well. The data provided valuable information on the effectiveness of each of the frac stages, it could be used to analyze screen-outs and detect out-of-zone injection, and recommendations for the optimizations of future hydraulic frac designs could be derived. The fiber-optic data were also integrated with other open-hole data for improved understanding of the reservoir performance. The next step will be to acquire repeated time-lapse DAS and DTS data for production profiling, to gain more insights of how the long-term production performance is affected by the hydraulic frac operations.

Turning a Telecom Fiber-Optic Cable into an Ultradense Seismic Array for Rapid Postearthquake Response in an Urban Area

Aftershock-monitoring networks deployed in the epicentral area of a damaging earthquake play important roles in earthquake early warning and ShakeMap estimation, which contribute to hazard mitigation. Using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology with dark fiber can significantly reduce deployment time and cost, and improve spatial sampling, both of which help capture more aftershocks. In this study, we used a 7.6 km dark fiber in Tangshan, China, to monitor seismicity after the 12 July 2020 Ms 5.1 earthquake. The DAS array detected dozens of earthquakes missed by the local permanent network that doubled the number of aftershocks. The relocated aftershocks are distributed mainly north of the DAS array, and the ground-motion pattern changes also hint small-scale features. Our successful results demonstrate the feasibility of using DAS and dark fiber for rapid postearthquake response.

Analisis Jaringan Fiber To The Home Berbasis Teknologi Gigabit Passive Optical Network Dan Penghitungan Downstream (Studi Kasus Perumahan Wirosaban Baru)

This paper discuss about FTTH network analysis made by GPON technology and downstream estimation that use fiber optic cable for the media. The aim of analysis is do the installation engage GPON with downstream estimation which the estimation used for network advisability standard. This research make some different range, intend for find out the peformance of closest and farthest distance. According to ITU-T G.984, network feasibility standard is more than -28dB, 10Gbps for the downstream and 2.5 Gbps for upstream. Show the result that distance and power affect to power link budget score and BER.

Harnessing the Power of Sensors and Machine Learning to Design Smart Fence to Protect Farmlands

Agriculture and animals are two crucial factors for ecological balance. Human–wildlife conflict is increasing day-by-day due to crop damage and livestock depredation by wild animals, causing local farmer’s economic loss resulting in the deepening of poverty. Techniques are needed to stop the crop damage caused by animals. The most prominent technique used to protect crops from animals is fencing, but somehow, it is not a full-proof solution. Most fencing techniques are harmful to animals. Thousands of animals die due to the side effects of fencing techniques, such as electrocution. This paper introduces a virtual fence to solve these issues. The proposed virtual fence is invisible to everyone, because it is an optical fiber sensor cable, which is laid 12-inches-deep in soil. A laser light is used at the start of the fiber sensor cable, and a detector detects at the end of the cable. The technique is based on the reflection of light inside the fiber optic cable. The interferometric technique is used to predict the changes in the pattern of the laser light. The fiber cable sensors are connected to a microprocessor, which can predict the intrusion of any animal. The use of machine learning techniques to pattern detection makes this technique highly efficient. The machine learning algorithms developed for the identification of animals can also classify the animal. The paper proposes an economical and feasible machine-learning-based solution to save crops from animals and to save animals from dangerous fencing. The description of the complete setup of optical fiber sensors, methodology, and machine learning algorithms are covered in this paper. This concept was implemented and regressive tests were carried out. Tests were performed on the data, which were not used for training purposes. Sets of people (50 people in each set) were randomly moved into the fiber optic cable sensor in order to test the effectiveness of the detection. There have been very few instances where the algorithm has been unable to categorize the detections into different animal classes. Three datasets were tested for configuration effectiveness. The complete setup was also tested in a zoo to test the identification of elephants and tigers. The efficiency of identification is 94% for human, 80% for tiger, and 75% for elephant.

Design and Simulation of Fiber Optic Cable using SolidWorks for Landslide Monitoring

This paper presents fiber optic cable design and simulation using SolidWorks software. SolidWorks software is an effective tool that helps design, analyze, and give a better understanding of fiber optic cable capabilities and performances. The model of the fiber optic cable was developed based on the existing fiber optic drop cable. It is composed of mainly four parts: Fiber optic member, fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) strength member, low smoke zero halogen (LSZH) jacket, and steel wire. A static study was performed to determine the designed model’s ability to endure various levels of pressing and pulling forces. Simulation results showed that the cable can withstand a maximum of 195 N pulling force and 30000 N pressing force with a displacement of 1.78e+02 mm and 4.94e-01 mm respectively. The findings will contribute to the design of a new or novel fiber optic cable that is capable to monitor landslide activities with higher durability in future studies.

FORMATION OF THE OPTOELECTRONIC SYSTEM DIRECTIONAL DIAGRAM USING FIBER-OPTIC CABLE

The method of forming directional diagrams (RD) with the possibility of controlling it in space is described. The method of forming of the object location detection zone of complex shape in the transmitter-receiver optical system with the help of fiber-optic cables (OIC) is substantiated and created. The problem of a circular field of view of a multi-channel optoelectronic system (ECO) creating, designed for advanced high-speed objects at short distance detection has been solved. According to the results of laboratory tests of the developed ECO model is established that in the working range of distances of a location of 0,5 ... 10,0 m reliable detection of the target high-speed and high-precision registration of object in all DS directions is reached.

Modernization of the complex technology of construction of the roadbed

Background: The analysis of the complex technology of the construction of the roadbed, developed in RUT (MIIT), with the aim of its modernization on the basis of monitoring changes in the characteristics of the soil with the use of fiber-optic cable during construction. Aim: Development of intensive technological modes for improving the reliability of the road surface. Methods: Methods of control and technological regulation of soil compaction in order to reduce humidity at the stage of frost moisture accumulation at the base of the embankment being built. Results: As a result of the analysis, the modernization of the integrated technology is appropriate. Conclusion: The proposed methods of technological regulation are effective in the construction of the roadbed on waterlogged soils.

Analysis of the Effect of Heating Temperature on Tension Strength, Elongation and Function Clusters on Composite Tube Aerial Fiber Optic Cable G.652D-STEL-K-036-2012

The composite material of the fiber optic cable tube (G.652D-Stel-K-036-2012) or Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)-Master Batch MB) has been tested for tensile strength, elongation, and functional groups for fiber optic tube cladding materials. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heating temperatures of 2500C, 2550C, and 2600C on tensile strength, elongation, and functional groups in PBT-MB composite tube for fiber optic tube cladding material. The PBT-MB composite material was made by mixing PBT (80% by weight) with MB (20% by weight) in a ball mill. Then put together and processed into a tube on the extruder. Tensile and elongation strength was tested bytensile test, functional group test with FTIR, and humidity test. The results of the tensile test and elongation test increased with increasing heating temperature and still met the specified standard. The results of the functional group test showed that there was a CH bond from the PBT Tube at the highest wave peak, namely 2923.54 cm-11,725.10 cm-1,there was also a CH Aldehydes bond at a wavelength of 2852.19 cm-1,935.30 cm-1,916.02cm-1,873.59 cm -1,811.88 cm-1, the carbonyl bond C=C at a wavelength of 1708.61 cm-1,and the last is an Aromatic bond at a wavelength of 1504.20 cm-1. The chemical bonds in the test compounds were PBT-MB tube composites. From all the tests carried out, it was concluded that the variation of temperature on the manufacture of PBT-MB tube composites was very influential on the quality and still met the established standards.

Guyana: Liza Phase 2 Novel Execution to Accelerate Field Development

The Liza Phase 2 Project combines a novel execution approach and forward-looking technology components to develop more complex areas of the Liza resource. The project delivers technology to optimize resource development through efficient Subsea, Umbilicals, Risers, and Flowlines (SURF) equipment designs and digital elements to enable future capabilities, such as a fiber optic cable to shore. For a new approach to Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) delivery, the project is partnering with SBM for the first ever use of their Fast4Ward® concept. The SBM Fast4Ward® program utilizes the Multi-Purpose Floater (MPF) hull design and provides the benefits of a new build FPSO with a reduced project development time similar to that of conversions. With almost double the SURF infrastructure as Liza Phase 1, Liza Phase 2 uses learnings and standardized SURF architecture to deliver one of the industry's largest subsea developments. Establishment of win-win partnerships with the primary contractors to achieve best overall value and strategic use of part number duplication contribute to the overall success. Based on the work of ExxonMobil proprietary reservoir modelling, infrastructure is being installed to enable Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection for the complex development while a subsea fiber optic cable enables data to shore for optimized reservoir management and advanced facilities surveillance. The project is on track to deliver ~2 years after first oil was achieved for Liza Phase 1 by building on design replication and common methodologies where possible. Through thoughtful application of standardization, learnings, and incorporation of new technologies, the project efficiently delivers advanced capabilities to the Liza field. This also enables a "Design One, Build Multiple" (D1BM) approach for future developments in Guyana.