scholarly journals The draft genome of horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus reveals its evolutionary scenario and well-developed innate immunity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Yuan Liang ◽  
Qing Yan ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Dianbao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs

Abstract Background: Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history extending back approximately 450 million years that rely entirely on their innate immune system and have developed multiple defence systems. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying their abilities of distinguishing and defending against invading microbes are still unclear. Results: Here, we describe the 2.06 Gbp genome assembly of T. tridentatus with 24,222 predicted protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics shows that T. tridentatus and the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus have the most orthologues shared among two species, including genes involved in the immune-related Jak/STAT signalling pathway. Divergence time dating results show that the last common ancestor of Asian horseshoe crabs (including T. tridentatus) and L. polyphemus appeared approximately 130 Mya (121-141), and the split of the two Asian horseshoe crabs was dated to approximately 63 Mya (57-69). Hox gene analysis suggests two clusters in both horseshoe crab assemblies. Surprisingly, selective analysis of immune-related gene families revealed the high expansion of conserved pattern recognition receptors. Genes involved in the IMD and Jak/STAT signal transduction pathways also exhibited a certain degree of expansion in both genomes. Intact coagulation cascade-related genes were present in the T. tridentatus genome with a higher number of coagulation factor genes. Moreover, most reported antibacterial peptides have been identified in T. tridentatus with their potentially effective antimicrobial sites. Conclusions: The draft genome of T. tridentatus could have prospects to eliminate the uncertainty in the evolutionary relationship of Chelicerata. The expansion of conserved immune signalling pathway genes, coagulation factors and intact antimicrobial peptides in T. tridentatus constitutes its robust and effective innate immunity for self-defence in marine environments with an enormous number of invading pathogens and may affect the quality of the adaptive properties with regard to complicated marine environments.

scholarly journals The draft genome of horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus reveals its evolutionary scenario and well-developed innate immunity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Yuan Liang ◽  
Qing Yan ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Dianbao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Tachypleus Tridentatus ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs

Abstract Background: Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history extending back approximately 450 million years that rely entirely on their innate immune system and have developed multiple defence systems. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying their abilities of distinguishing and defending against invading microbes are still unclear. Results: Here, we describe the 2.06 Gbp genome assembly of Tachypleus tridentatus with 24,222 predicted protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics shows that T. tridentatus and the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus have the most orthologues shared among two species, including genes involved in the immune-related JAK-STAT signalling pathway. Divergence time dating results show that the last common ancestor of Asian horseshoe crabs (including T. tridentatus) and L. polyphemus appeared approximately 130 Mya (121-141), and the split of the two Asian horseshoe crabs was dated to approximately 63 Mya (57-69). Hox gene analysis suggests two clusters in both horseshoe crab assemblies. Surprisingly, selective analysis of immune-related gene families revealed the high expansion of conserved pattern recognition receptors. Genes involved in the IMD and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways also exhibited a certain degree of expansion in both genomes. Intact coagulation cascade-related genes were present in the T. tridentatus genome with a higher number of coagulation factor genes. Moreover, most reported antibacterial peptides have been identified in T. tridentatus with their potentially effective antimicrobial sites. Conclusions: The draft genome of T. tridentatus would provide an important source for eliminating the uncertainty in the evolutionary relationship of Chelicerata. The expansion of conserved immune signalling pathway genes, coagulation factors and intact antimicrobial peptides in T. tridentatus constitutes its robust and effective innate immunity for self-defence in marine environments with an enormous number of invading pathogens and may affect the quality of the adaptive properties with regard to complicated marine environments.

scholarly journals The draft genome of horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus reveals its evolutionary scenario and well-developed innate immunity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Yuan Liang ◽  
Qing Yan ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Dianbao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Tachypleus Tridentatus ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs

Abstract Background: Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history extending back approximately 450 million years, which may benefit from their innate immune systems. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying their abilities of distinguishing and defending against invading microbes are still unclear. Results: Here, we describe the 2.06 Gbp genome assembly of Tachypleus tridentatus with 24,222 predicted protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics shows that T. tridentatus and the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus have the most orthologues shared among two species, including genes involved in the immune-related JAK-STAT signalling pathway. Divergence time dating results show that the last common ancestor of Asian horseshoe crabs (including T. tridentatus and C. rotundicauda) and L. polyphemus appeared approximately 130 Mya (121-141), and the split of the two Asian horseshoe crabs was dated to approximately 63 Mya (57-69). Hox gene analysis suggests two clusters in both horseshoe crab assemblies. Surprisingly, selective analysis of immune-related gene families revealed the high expansion of conserved pattern recognition receptors. Genes involved in the IMD and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways also exhibited a certain degree of expansion in both genomes. Intact coagulation cascade-related genes were present in the T. tridentatus genome with a higher number of coagulation factor genes. Moreover, most reported antibacterial peptides have been identified in T. tridentatus with their potentially effective antimicrobial sites. Conclusions: The draft genome of T. tridentatus would would provide important evidence for further clarifying the taxonomy and evolutionary relationship of Chelicerata. The expansion of conserved immune signalling pathway genes, coagulation factors and intact antimicrobial peptides in T. tridentatus constitutes its robust and effective innate immunity for self-defence in marine environments with an enormous number of invading pathogens and may affect the quality of the adaptive properties with regard to complicated marine environments.

scholarly journals The draft genome of horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus reveals its evolutionary scenario and well-developed innate immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Yuan Liang ◽  
Qing Yan ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Dianbao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Tachypleus Tridentatus ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs

Abstract Background: Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history extending back approximately 450 million years, which may benefit from their innate immune systems. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying their abilities of distinguishing and defending against invading microbes are still unclear. Results: Here, we describe the 2.06 Gbp genome assembly of Tachypleus tridentatus with 24,222 predicted protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics shows that T. tridentatus and the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus have the most orthologues shared among two species, including genes involved in the immune-related JAK-STAT signalling pathway. Divergence time dating results show that the last common ancestor of Asian horseshoe crabs (including T. tridentatus and C. rotundicauda ) and L. polyphemus appeared approximately 130 Mya (121-141), and the split of the two Asian horseshoe crabs was dated to approximately 63 Mya (57-69). Hox gene analysis suggests two clusters in both horseshoe crab assemblies. Surprisingly, selective analysis of immune-related gene families revealed the high expansion of conserved pattern recognition receptors. Genes involved in the IMD and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways also exhibited a certain degree of expansion in both genomes. Intact coagulation cascade-related genes were present in the T. tridentatus genome with a higher number of coagulation factor genes. Moreover, most reported antibacterial peptides have been identified in T. tridentatus with their potentially effective antimicrobial sites. Conclusions: The draft genome of T. tridentatus would would provide important evidence for further clarifying the taxonomy and evolutionary relationship of Chelicerata. The expansion of conserved immune signalling pathway genes, coagulation factors and intact antimicrobial peptides in T. tridentatus constitutes its robust and effective innate immunity for self-defence in marine environments with an enormous number of invading pathogens and may affect the quality of the adaptive properties with regard to complicated marine environments.

scholarly journals The draft genome of horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus reveals its evolutionary scenario and well-developed innate immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Yuan Liang ◽  
Qing Yan ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Dianbao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Tachypleus Tridentatus ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs

Abstract Background: Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history extending back approximately 450 million years, which may benefit from their innate immune systems. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying their abilities of distinguishing and defending against invading microbes are still unclear. Results: Here, we describe the 2.06 Gbp genome assembly of Tachypleus tridentatus with 24,222 predicted protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics shows that T. tridentatus and the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus have the most orthologues shared among two species, including genes involved in the immune-related JAK-STAT signalling pathway. Divergence time dating results show that the last common ancestor of Asian horseshoe crabs (including T. tridentatus and C. rotundicauda ) and L. polyphemus appeared approximately 130 Mya (121-141), and the split of the two Asian horseshoe crabs was dated to approximately 63 Mya (57-69). Hox gene analysis suggests two clusters in both horseshoe crab assemblies. Surprisingly, selective analysis of immune-related gene families revealed the high expansion of conserved pattern recognition receptors. Genes involved in the IMD and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways also exhibited a certain degree of expansion in both genomes. Intact coagulation cascade-related genes were present in the T. tridentatus genome with a higher number of coagulation factor genes. Moreover, most reported antibacterial peptides have been identified in T. tridentatus with their potentially effective antimicrobial sites. Conclusions: The draft genome of T. tridentatus would would provide important evidence for further clarifying the taxonomy and evolutionary relationship of Chelicerata. The expansion of conserved immune signalling pathway genes, coagulation factors and intact antimicrobial peptides in T. tridentatus constitutes its robust and effective innate immunity for self-defence in marine environments with an enormous number of invading pathogens and may affect the quality of the adaptive properties with regard to complicated marine environments.

scholarly journals The genome of horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus reveals its evolutionary scenario and well-developed innate immunity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Yuan Liang ◽  
Qing Yan ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Dianbao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Tachypleus Tridentatus ◽  
Stat Signaling ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs

Abstract Background Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history. Results Here, we describe the 2.06 Gbp genome assembly of Tachypleus tridentatus with predicted 24,222 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics show that T. tridentatus and the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus had the most orthologs shared in only these two species, including genes involved in immune related Jak/STAT signaling pathway. Divergence time dating results show that the last common ancestor of Asian horseshoe crabs (including T. tridentatus) and L. polyphemus appeared at about 130 Mya (121-141) and the split of two Asian horseshoe crabs was dated to about 63 Mya (57-69). Hox gene analysis suggests two clusters in both horseshoe crab assemblies. Surprisingly, selective analysis of immune related gene families revealed high expansion of conservatively presented pattern recognition receptors. Genes involved in IMD and Jak/STAT signaling transduction pathways also exhibited a certain degree of expansion in both genomes. Intact coagulation cascade related genes were presented in T. tridentatus genome with a higher number of coagulation factor genes. Moreover, most antibacterial peptides reported have been identified in T. tridentatus with their potentially effective antimicrobial sites. Conclusions The well-developed innate immunity of T.tridentatus may affect the quality of the adaptive properties with regard to complicated marine environments.

scholarly journals The Draft Genome and Transcriptome of the Atlantic Horseshoe Crab,Limulus polyphemus

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Simpson ◽  
Jordan S. Ramsdell ◽  
Winsor H. Watson III ◽  
Christopher C. Chabot
Keyword(s):  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Accessory Gene ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs ◽  
Atlantic Horseshoe Crab

The horseshoe crab,Limulus polyphemus, exhibits robust circadian and circatidal rhythms, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying those rhythms. In this study, horseshoe crabs were collected during the day and night as well as high and low tides, and their muscle and central nervous system tissues were processed for genome and transcriptome sequencing, respectively. The genome assembly resulted in7.4×105contigs with N50 of 4,736, while the transcriptome assembly resulted in9.3×104contigs and N50 of 3,497. Analysis of functional completeness by the identification of putative universal orthologs suggests that the transcriptome has three times more total expected orthologs than the genome. Interestingly, RNA-Seq analysis indicated no statistically significant changes in expression level for any circadian core or accessory gene, but there was significant cycling of several noncircadian transcripts. Overall, these assemblies provide a resource to investigate theLimulusclock systems and provide a large dataset for further exploration into the taxonomy and biology of the Atlantic horseshoe crab.

scholarly journals Identification and Functional Analysis of a Lysozyme Gene from Coridius Chinensis (Hemiptera: Dinidoridae)

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Hai Huang ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Shang-Wei Li ◽  
Tao Gong
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Muramidase Activity ◽  
Insect Innate Immunity

Coridius chinensis is a valuable medicinal insect resource in China. Previous studies have indicated that the antibacterial and anticancer effects of the C. chinensis extract mainly come from the active polypeptides. Lysozyme is an effective immune effector in insect innate immunity and usually has excellent bactericidal effects. There are two kinds of lysozymes in insects, c-type and i-type, which play an important role in innate immunity and intestinal digestion. Studying lysozyme in C. chinensis will be helpful to further explore the evolutionary relationship and functional differences among lysozymes of various species and to determine whether they have biological activity and medicinal value. In this study, a lysozyme CcLys2 was identified from C. chinensis. CcLys2 contains 223 amino acid residues, and possesses a typical domain of the c-type lysozyme and a putative catalytic site formed by two conserved residues Glu32 and Asp50. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CcLys2 belongs to the H-branch of the c-type lysozyme. The analysis of spatiotemporal expression patterns indicated that CcLys2 was mainly expressed in the fat body of C. chinensis adults and was highly expressed in the second- and fifth-instar nymphs. In addition, CcLys2 was significantly up-regulated after injecting and feeding bacteria. In the bacterial inhibition assay, it was found that CcLys2 had antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria at a low pH. These results indicate that CcLys2 has muramidase activity, involves in the innate immunity of C. chinensis, and is also closely related to the bacterial immune defense or digestive function of the intestine.

scholarly journals Inhibition of human coagulation factor VIII by monoclonal antibodies. Mapping of functional epitopes with the use of recombinant factor VIII fragments

1989 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Leyte ◽  
K Mertens ◽  
B Distel ◽  
R F Evers ◽  
M J M De Keyzer-Nellen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Procoagulant Activity ◽  
Coagulation Factor Viii ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Restriction Enzyme Digestion ◽  
Proteolytic Activation

The epitopes of four monoclonal antibodies against coagulation Factor VIII were mapped with the use of recombinant DNA techniques. Full-length Factor VIII cDNA and parts thereof were inserted into the vector pSP64, permitting transcription in vitro with the use of a promoter specific for SP6 RNA polymerase. Factor VIII DNA inserts were truncated from their 3′-ends by selective restriction-enzyme digestion and used as templates for ‘run-off’ mRNA synthesis. Translation in vitro with rabbit reticulocyte lysate provided defined radiolabelled Factor VIII fragments for immunoprecipitation studies. Two antibodies are shown to be directed against epitopes on the 90 kDa chain of Factor VIII, between residues 712 and 741. The 80 kDa chain appeared to contain the epitopes of the other two antibodies, within the sequences 1649-1778 and 1779-1840 respectively. The effect of antibody binding to these sequences was evaluated at two distinct levels within the coagulation cascade. Both Factor VIII procoagulant activity and Factor VIII cofactor function in Factor Xa generation were neutralized upon binding to the region 1779-1840. The antibodies recognizing the region 713-740 or 1649-1778, though interfering with Factor VIII procoagulant activity, did not inhibit in Factor Xa generation. These findings demonstrate that antibodies that virtually inhibit Factor VIII in coagulation in vitro are not necessarily directed against epitopes involved in Factor VIII cofactor function. Inhibition of procoagulant activity rather than of cofactor function itself may be explained by interference in proteolytic activation of Factor VIII. This hypothesis is in agreement with the localization of the epitopes in the proximity of thrombin-cleavage or Factor Xa-cleavage sites.

scholarly journals Genomic organization of the selectin family of leukocyte adhesion molecules on human and mouse chromosome 1.

1990 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
M L Watson ◽  
S F Kingsmore ◽  
G I Johnston ◽  
M H Siegelman ◽  
M M Le Beau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Chromosome ◽  
Mouse Chromosome ◽  
Leukocyte Adhesion ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Range Restriction ◽  
Human Chromosome 1 ◽  
Human And Mouse ◽  
Mouse Chromosome 1

A structurally and functionally related group of genes, lymph node homing receptor (LHR), granule membrane protein 140 (GMP-140), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) are shown to constitute a gene cluster on mouse and human chromosome 1. In situ hybridization mapped GMP-140 to human chromosome 1 bands 21-24 consistent with chromosomal localization of LHR. Gene linkage analysis in the mouse indicated that these genes and serum coagulation factor V (FV) all map to a region of distal mouse chromosome 1 that is syntenic with human chromosome 1, with no crossovers identified between these four genes in 428 meiotic events. Moreover, long range restriction site mapping demonstrated that these genes map to within 300 kb in both the human and mouse genomes. These data suggest that LHR, ELAM-1, and GMP-140 comprise an adhesion protein family, the selectins, that arose by multiple gene duplication events before divergence of mouse and human. Furthermore, the location of these genes on mouse and human chromosome 1 is consistent with a close evolutionary relationship to the complement receptor-related genes, which also are positioned on the same chromosomes in both species and with which these genes share a region of sequence homology. These data characterize the organization of a genomic region that may be critical for intercellular communication within the immune system.

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