scholarly journals Modelling New Insecticide-Treated Bed-Nets for Malaria-Vector Control: How to Strategically Manage Resistance?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Graham Madgwick ◽  
Ricardo Kanitz
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Product Concept ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

Abstract Background: The programme to eradicate malaria is at a critical juncture as a new wave of insecticides for mosquito control enter their final stages of development. Previous insecticides have been deployed one-at-a-time until their utility was compromised, without the strategic management of resistance. But recent investment has led to the near-synchronous development of new insecticides, and with it the current opportunity to build resistance management into mosquito-control methods to maximize the chance of eradicating malaria. Methods: Here, building on the parameter framework of an existing mathematical model, resistance-management strategies using multiple insecticides are compared to suggest how to deploy combinations of available and new insecticides on bed-nets to achieve maximum impact. Results: Although results support the use of different strategies in different settings, deploying new insecticides ideally together in (or at least as a part of) a mixture is shown to be a robust strategy across most settings. Conclusions: Substantially building on previous works, we find alternative solutions for the resistance management of new insecticides to be used in bed-nets for malaria vector control. Our results support a mixture product concept as the most robust way to deploy new insecticides, even if they are mixed with a pyrethroid that has lower effectiveness due to pre-existing resistance. These results can help deciding on deployment strategies and policies around the sustainable use of these new anti-malaria tools.

scholarly journals Integrity, use and care of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Kirinyaga County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Nyangi ◽  
Elizabeth Kigondu ◽  
Beatrice Irungu ◽  
Margaret Nganga ◽  
Anthony Gachanja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets

Abstract Background Vector control is an essential component in prevention and control of malaria in malaria endemic areas. Insecticide treated nets is one of the standard tools recommended for malaria vector control. The objective of the study was to determine physical integrity and insecticidal potency of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) used in control of malaria vector in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Method The study targeted households in an area which had received LLINs during mass net distribution in 2016 from Ministry of Health. A total of 420 households were sampled using systematic sampling method, where the household heads consented to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to assess care and use while physical examination was used to determine integrity. Chemical concentration was determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Results After 18 months of use, 96.9% (95% CI: 95.2–98.6%) of the distributed nets were still available. Regarding net utilization, 94.1% of household heads reported sleeping under an LLIN the previous night. After physical examination, 49.9% (95% CI: 43–52.8%) of the bed nets had at least one hole. The median number of holes of any size was 2[interquartile range (IQR) 1–4], and most holes were located on the lower part of the nets, [median 3 (IQR 2–5)]. Only 15% of the nets with holes had been repaired. The median concentration for α-cypermethrin was 7.15 mg/m2 (IQR 4.25–15.31) and 0.00 mg/g (IQR 0.00–1.99) for permethrin. Based on pHI, Chi-square test varied significantly with the manufacturer (X (6, N = 389) = 29.14, p = 0.04). There was no significant difference between nets with different number of washes (X2(2) = 4.55, p = 0.103). Conclusion More than three-quarters of the nets supplied had survived and insecticidal potency was adequate in vector control. Standard procedure for field evaluation of surface insecticidal content available to a mosquito after landing on a net to rest is recommended.

scholarly journals Integrity, Use and Care of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets in Kirinyaga County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Wanjiku Nyangi ◽  
Elizabeth Mumbi Kigondu ◽  
Beatrice Irungu ◽  
Margaret Nganga ◽  
Anthony Gachanja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets

Abstract Background: Vector control is an essential component in prevention and control of malaria in malaria endemic areas. Insecticide treated nets is one of the standard tools recommended for malaria vector control. The objective of the study was to determine physical integrity and insecticidal potency of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) used in control of malaria vector in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.Method: The study targeted households in an area which had received LLINs during mass net distribution in 2016 from Ministry of Health. A total of 420 households were sampled using systematic sampling method, where the household heads consented to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to assess care and use while physical examination was used to determine integrity. Chemical potency was determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Results: After eighteen months of use, 96.9% (95% CI: 95.2% – 98.6%) of the distributed nets were still available. Regarding the net utilization, 94.1% of household heads reported sleeping under an LLIN the previous night. After physical examination, 49.9% (95% CI: 43% - 52.8%) of the bed nets had at least one hole. The median number of holes of any size was 2[interquartile range (IQR) 1-4], and most holes were located on the lower part of the nets, [median 3 (IQR 2-5)]. Only 15% of the nets with holes had been repaired. The median concentration for alpha-cypermethrin was 7.15mg/m2 (IQR 4.25-15.31) and 0.00mg/g (IQR 0.00-1.99) for permethrin. Based on pHI, Chi-square test varied significantly with the manufacturer (X (6, N=389) = 29.14, p = 0.04). There was no significant difference between nets with different number of washes (X2(2) = 4.55, p = 0.103).Conclusion: More than three-quarters of the nets supplied had survived and insecticidal potency was adequate in vector control. 14.2% of the nets were too torn and required immediate replacement. Studies for validated field evaluation of surface insecticidal content available to a mosquito after landing on a net to rest should be developed.

scholarly journals Integrity, Use and Care of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets in Kirinyaga County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Wanjiku Nyangi ◽  
Elizabeth Mumbi Kigondu ◽  
Beatrice Irungu ◽  
Margaret Nganga ◽  
Anthony Gachanja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets

Abstract Background: Vector control is an essential component in prevention and control of malaria in malaria endemic areas. Insecticide treated nets is one of the standard tools recommended for malaria vector control. The objective of the study was to determine physical integrity and insecticidal potency of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) used in control of malaria vector in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.Method: The study targeted households in an area which had received LLINs during mass net distribution in 2016 from Ministry of Health. A total of 420 households were sampled using systematic sampling method, where the household heads consented to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to assess care and use while physical examination was used to determine integrity. Chemical concentration was determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Results: After eighteen months of use, 96.9% (95% CI: 95.2% – 98.6%) of the distributed nets were still available. Regarding net utilization, 94.1% of household heads reported sleeping under an LLIN the previous night. After physical examination, 49.9% (95% CI: 43% - 52.8%) of the bed nets had at least one hole. The median number of holes of any size was 2[interquartile range (IQR) 1-4], and most holes were located on the lower part of the nets, [median 3 (IQR 2-5)]. Only 15% of the nets with holes had been repaired. The median concentration for alpha-cypermethrin was 7.15mg/m2 (IQR 4.25-15.31) and 0.00mg/g (IQR 0.00-1.99) for permethrin. Based on pHI, Chi-square test varied significantly with the manufacturer (X (6, N=389) = 29.14, p = 0.04). There was no significant difference between nets with different number of washes (X2(2) = 4.55, p = 0.103).Conclusion: More than three-quarters of the nets supplied had survived and insecticidal potency was adequate in vector control. Standard procedure for field evaluation of surface insecticidal content available to a mosquito after landing on a net to rest is recommended.

Resistance management strategies in malaria vector mosquito control. Baseline data for a large‐scale field trial against Anopheles albimanus in Mexico

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA R. PENILLA ◽  
AMÉRICO D. RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
JANET HEMINGWAY ◽  
JOSÉ L. TORRES ◽  
JUAN I. ARREDONDO‐JIMÉNEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Anopheles Albimanus ◽  
Vector Mosquito ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

scholarly journals Integrity, Use and Care of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets in Kirinyaga County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Wanjiku Nyangi ◽  
Elizabeth Mumbi Kigondu ◽  
Beatrice Irungu ◽  
Margaret Nganga ◽  
Anthony Gachanja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets

Abstract Background: Vector control is an essential component in prevention and control of malaria in malaria endemic areas. Insecticide treated nets is one of the standard tools recommended for malaria vector control. The objective of the study was to determine physical integrity and insecticidal potency of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) used in control of malaria vector in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.Method: The study targeted households in an area which had received LLINs during mass net distribution in 2016 from Ministry of Health. A total of 420 households were sampled using systematic sampling method, where the household heads consented to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to assess care and use while physical examination was used to determine integrity. Chemical potency was determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Results: After eighteen months of use, 96.9% (95% CI: 95.2% – 98.6%) of the distributed nets were still available. Regarding the net utilization, 94.1% of household heads reported sleeping under an LLIN the previous night. After physical examination, 49.9% (95% CI: 43% - 52.8%) of the bed nets had at least one hole. The median number of holes of any size was 2[interquartile range (IQR) 1-4], and most holes were located on the lower part of the nets, [median 3 (IQR 2-5)]. Only 15% of the nets with holes had been repaired. The median concentration for alpha-cypermethrin was 7.15mg/m2 (IQR 4.25-15.31) and 0.00mg/g (IQR 0.00-1.99) for permethrin. Based on pHI, Chi-square test varied significantly with the manufacturer (X (6, N=389) = 29.14, p = 0.04). There was no significant difference between nets with different number of washes (X2(2) = 4.55, p = 0.103).Conclusion: More than three-quarters of the nets supplied had survived and insecticidal potency was adequate in vector control. Studies for validated field evaluation of surface insecticidal content available to a mosquito after landing on a net to rest should be developed.

scholarly journals INSECTICIDE-TREATED BED NETS IN RONDÔNIA, BRAZIL: EVALUATION OF THEIR IMPACT ON MALARIA CONTROL

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel de Deus Vieira ◽  
Sergio de Almeida Basano ◽  
Tony Hiroshi Katsuragawa ◽  
Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Mosquito nets treated with long-lasting insecticide (LLINs), when used in compliance with guidelines of the World Health Organization, may be effective for malaria vector control. In 2012, approximately 150,000 LLINs were installed in nine municipalities in the state of Rondônia. However, no studies have assessed their impact on the reduction of malaria incidence. This study analyzed secondary data of malaria incidence, in order to assess the impact of LLINs on the annual parasite incidence (API). The results showed no statistically significant differences in API one year after LLIN installation when compared to municipalities without LLINs. The adoption of measures for malaria vector control should be associated with epidemiological studies and evaluations of their use and efficiency, with the aim of offering convincing advantages that justify their implementation and limit malaria infection in the Amazon Region.

scholarly journals Integrity, Use, and Care of Treated Mosquito Nets in Kirinyaga County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Wanjiku Nyangi ◽  
Elizabeth Mumbi Kigondu ◽  
Beatrice Irungu ◽  
Margaret Nganga ◽  
Anthony Gachanja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Heads

Abstract Background: Vector control is an essential component in prevention and control of malaria in malaria endemic areas. Insecticide treated nets is one of the standard tools recommended for malaria vector control. The objective of the study was to determine physical integrity and insecticidal potency of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) used in control of malaria vector in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.Method: The study targeted households on an area which had received LLINs during the mass net distribution in 2016 from ministry of health. A total of 394 households were sampled using systematic sampling method with a random start, where the household heads consented to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to assess physical integrity, care and use. Chemical potency was analysed in the laboratory by use of gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Results: After eighteen months of use, 97.8% (95% CI: 96.4% – 99.3%) of the distributed nets were still available. Regarding the net utilization, 93.7% of household heads reported sleeping under an LLIN the previous night. After physical examination, 47.9% (95% CI: 43% - 52.8%) of the bed nets had at least one hole. The median number of holes of any size was 2 [interquartile range (IQR) 1-4], and most holes were located on the lower part of the nets, [median 3 (IQR 2-5)]. Only 6.4% of the nets with holes had been repaired. The median concentration for alpha-cypermethrin was 7.15mg/m2 (IQR 4.25-15.31) and 0.00mg/g (IQR 0.00-1.99) for permethrin. Based on pHI Chi-square test results shows that net physical status varied significantly with the manufacturer There was no significant difference of chemical content between nets with different number of washes . Conclusion: The current study results shows that more than three-quarters of the nets supplied had survived and had insecticidal potency which was adequate in vector control. According to WHO classification 14.2% of nets supplied were too torn and required immediate replacement. In addition, studies for validated methods are needed to better understand field evaluation of surface insecticidal content available to a mosquito after landing on a bed net to rest.

Resistance management strategies in malaria vector mosquito control. A large-scale field trial in Southern Mexico

1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Hemingway ◽  
R. Patricia Penilla ◽  
Americo D. Rodriguez ◽  
Bronwen M. James ◽  
William Edge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Vector Mosquito ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field
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