240 Fruit Removal Effects on Growth and Carbon Allocation in Young Citrus Trees

Fruit were removed 8, 16, and 24 weeks after peak bloom from 3- and 4-year-old, `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees on `Carrizo' citrange root-stock [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck ×Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], planted as bare root or containerized trees, to determine if fruit removal enhanced vegetative growth. Bare-root trees had a greater stem diameter and tree height than containerized trees at planting and after years 3 and 4. Fruit of bare-root trees had lower fresh and dry weights, refixed less of their respiratory CO2 during development, and lost water less rapidly after harvest. In addition, fruit removal treatments did not increase growth of either bare-root or containerized trees relative to trees from which no fruit had been removed. In fact, tree diameters were slightly higher when fruit were not harvested. Carbon cost of fruit production may have been countered by other factors under field conditions, such as known enhancement of photosynthetic rates by fruit load and/or diurnal contributions by fruit to leaf water demands.

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Use of Flying Dragon Trifoliate Orange As Dwarfing Rootstock for Citrus Under Tropical Climatic Conditions

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.1.11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 11-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

François Mademba-Sy ◽

Zacharie Lemerre-Desprez ◽

Stéphane Lebegin

Keyword(s):

New Caledonia ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Tree Height ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Trifoliate Orange ◽

Gross Margin ◽

Trunk Diameter

Citrus fruit trees grown under tropical climatic conditions have a high level of vigor and, consequently, late fruit-bearing and low productivity. The use of Flying Dragon trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T.Itô) Swing.] (FD) rootstock could overcome these negative effects by inducing small trees with early production. Trials including eight commercial cultivars began in Dec. 1992 on an irrigated plot on the main island of New Caledonia (South Pacific). Growth of the trees was observed over a 13-year period through twice-yearly measurements of tree height, canopy between and in the rows, and trunk diameter. Fruit production was recorded beginning 2 years after planting. According to the climatic and pedological conditions of the experimental site, trees grafted on FD could, depending on cultivar, be planted in densities from 519 to 1111 trees/ha. Over the 13 years, yields were 0.5 to 2.8 times greater than those of the same cultivar on the standard rootstock. ‘Tahiti’ lime cumulative planting and maintenance costs were only 1.5 times higher for a density five times as great, and the level of productivity per hectare (gross margin/ha) was 3.3 times that of traditional orchards. Grafting citrus cultivars on FD, which is seldom used in the Mediterranean zone as a result of its excessive dwarfing effect in relation with the climatic conditions, could prove, on the other hand, promising in tropical areas.

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High Application Rates of Reclaimed Water Benefit Citrus Tree Growth and Fruit Production

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.36.7.1273 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 1273-1277 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Lawrence R. Parsons ◽

T. Adair Wheaton ◽

William S. Castle

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Irrigation Rate ◽

Carrizo Citrange ◽

Application Rates ◽

Color Score ◽

High Application

Conversion of wastewater to reclaimed water for crop irrigation conserves water and is an effective way to handle a growing urban problem: the disposal of wastewater. Water Conserv II is a large reclaimed water project developed by Orlando and Orange County, Fla., that presently irrigates ≈1900 ha of citrus. The project includes a research component to evaluate the response of citrus to irrigation using reclaimed water. Citrus trees in an experimental planting responded well to very high application rates of reclaimed water. Irrigation treatments included annual applications of 400 mm of well water, and 400, 1250, and 2500 mm of reclaimed water. The 2500-mm rate is excessive, and since disposal was of interest, this rate was used to determine if citrus could tolerate such high rates of irrigation. The effects of these treatments were compared on `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] and `Orlando' tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) combined with four rootstocks: Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), and Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata). Growth and fruit production were greatest at the highest irrigation rate. Concentration of soluble solids in the juice was usually lowered by the highest irrigation rate, but total soluble solids per hectare were 15.5% higher compared to the 400-mm rate, due to the greater fruit production. While fruit soluble solids were usually lowered by higher irrigation, the reduction in fruit soluble solids observed on three of the rootstocks did not occur in trees on Carrizo citrange. Fruit peel color score was lower but juice color score was higher at the highest irrigation rate. Crop efficiency (fruit production per unit of canopy volume) was usually lower at the 2500-mm rate and declined as trees grew older. Weed cover increased with increasing irrigation rate, but was controllable. Irrigation with high rates of reclaimed water provided a satisfactory disposal method for treated effluent, benefited growth and production of citrus, and eliminated the need for other sources of irrigation water. Reclaimed water, once believed to be a disposal problem in Florida, is now considered to be one way to meet irrigation demands.

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Comparing the Missouri Gravel Bed and a Wood Chip Production Method for Tree Growth

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2019.029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Kelby Fite ◽

Liza Holmes ◽

Elden LeBrun

Keyword(s):

Wood Chip ◽

Production Method ◽

White Oak ◽

Gravel Bed ◽

System A ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Quercus Bicolor ◽

Root Stock ◽

Swamp White Oak ◽

Bare Root

Tree root defects from current nursery production practices influence short- and long-term tree performance and survivability. The Missouri Gravel Bed (MGB) system, a production method using gravel as a substrate, has been used to prevent many of these defects from occurring. MGB production involves planting bare root stock into a bed of gravel with frequent drip irrigation in order to produce a root system with relatively few defects. MGB production methods have also been purported to allow for summer transplanting of many species, as opposed to traditional dormant transplanting.Because gravel has low water- and nutrient-holding capacity, biochar (5% by volume) was incorporated into one plot as a possible means of improving both water- and nutrient-holding capacity over gravel alone. Wood chip mulch was also investigated as a growing substrate in place of the gravel in a growing system. In 2015, three species, Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak), Taxodium distichum (baldcypress), and Tilia cordata (littleleaf linden), were studied in pea gravel (PG), biochar-amended pea gravel (BC), and wood chip mulch bed (MB) growing environments. Very few differences occurred over the growing season with above- or belowground parameters indicating that the minimal-to-no-cost, more readily available substrate of wood chip mulch should be considered in these growing systems.

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Desenvolvimento vegetativo e custo de produção de porta-enxertos de citros em recipientes para fins de subenxertia

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2007000500010 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 679-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Eduardo Augusto Girardi ◽

Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho ◽

Sônia Maria de Stefano Piedade

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Citrus Jambhiri ◽

Citrus Volkameriana

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e estimar o custo de produção de 11 porta-enxertos de citros para fins de subenxertia, em diferentes recipientes. Avaliaram-se limão 'Cravo' clone Limeira (Citrus limonia Osbeck); citrumelo 'Swingle' (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus paradisi Macf.); tangerina 'Cleópatra' (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tanaka); tangerina 'Sunki' (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka); limão 'Volkameriano' clone Catânia 2 (Citrus volkameriana Pasquale); laranja 'Caipira' clone DAC (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck); limão 'Rugoso da África' clone Mazoe (Citrus jambhiri Lush.); Poncirus trifoliata 'Davis A'; tangerina 'Sun Shu Sha Kat' (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka); tangerina 'Sunki' clone 2506 ou Fruto Grande (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka) e Poncirus trifoliata 'Barnes'. Foram utilizados tubetes de 290 mL, sacolas de 1,7 L, e porta-enxertos transplantados de tubetes de 75 mL para sacolas de polietileno de 1,7 e 4,5 L. Porta-enxertos produzidos diretamente em sacolas de 1,7 L atingem ponto ideal de subenxertia em menor tempo, de 100 a 150 dias após a semeadura, e permitem a obtenção de plantas maiores e com sistema radicular adequado, porém com custo de produção superior ao sistema de produção em tubetes de 290 mL.

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Mudas de laranjeira 'valência' sobre dois porta-enxertos e sob diferentes manejos de adubação

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/s0100-29452010005000082 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 855-864 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Eduardo Augusto Girardi ◽

Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho ◽

André Siqueira Rodrigues Alves

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Citrus Paradisi

O manejo da adubação é uma das principais práticas culturais para a produção de mudas cítricas em cultivo protegido. Avaliou-se o efeito de seis tipos de manejo das adubações comercialmente recomendadas na produção de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] enxertada sobre os porta-enxertos limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) e citrumeleiro 'Swingle' [Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. As avaliações foram conduzidas a partir da transplantação dos porta-enxertos até 180 dias após a enxertia, em viveiro empresarial, em Conchal-SP. Os manejos corresponderam a duas soluções de fertilizantes solúveis aplicadas isoladamente, soluções de fertilizante solúveis associadas a fertilizante de liberação controlada e aplicação exclusiva de fertilizante de liberação controlada. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o fatorial 2 x 6 (porta-enxerto x manejo da adubação), em blocos casualizados, com três repetições e 12 mudas na parcela. O limoeiro 'Cravo' induziu maior crescimento ao enxerto. O crescimento vegetativo das mudas foi similar após o uso de fertilizantes solúveis ou de liberação controlada, apesar da grande variação de quantidades totais de nutrientes fornecidas às plantas. Desta forma, o viveirista poderá optar pelo manejo mais econômico ou prático, conforme as condições locais.

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Comportamento da laranjeira Piralima sobre Poncirus trifoliata com variações na altura de enxertia

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90161994000100011 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 69-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

V.R. Sampaio

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata

Pesquisou-se a combinação de laranjeira Piralima, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. sobre Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. fazendo-se variações nas alturas das enxertias, com operações efetuadas a zero, dez, vinte e quarenta centímetros de altura. Avaliações realizadas após seis anos e meio de implantação do experimento permitiram as seguintes conclusões: 1) as alturas das enxertias afetaram o desenvolvimento global das plantas, com as enxertias mais altas reforçando o efeito ananicante do Poncirus trifoliata; 2) as diferentes alturas de enxertia não afetaram as produções de frutos das três primeiras produções comerciais. Na quarta colheita surgiu diferença entre os tratamentos extremos, com maiores produções acontecendo para plantas enxertadas próximas ao solo; 3) o Poncirus trifoliata induziu características ananicantes às copas e as constantes boas produções de frutos de bom tamanho. Mostrou-se ser porta-enxerto interessante para o cultivar Piralima.

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Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)

Acta Agronómica ◽

10.15446/acag.v66n3.52799 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 397-402

Author(s):

Hans Chaparro ◽

David Ricardo Hernández ◽

Diana Mayerly Mateus ◽

Javier Orlando Orduz Rodriguez

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Productive Efficiency ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Tree Size ◽

The Other ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Tropical Lowland ◽

Citrus Orchards

‘Cleopatra’ tangerine (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) is a commonly used rootstock in the piedmont of Meta department, Colombia for establishing of commercial citrus orchards. Have allowed a late production entrance rootstock and produced big plants when grafted with tangelo ‘Minneola’ (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradise Macf), decreasing the productive efficiency in plants and hard crop practices. The evaluated performance were as follows: tree size, productive efficiency and fruit quality of tangelo ‘Minneola’ grafted in six rootstocks. It found that the cumulated production of 11 years was better with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) with 1388.3 kg tree-1, followed by ‘Cleopatra’ (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) with 893.2 kg.tree-1, in last place was ‘Carrizo’ (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf) with 182.9 kg tree-1. The other rootstocks, had a medium production. The greatest height and canopy value, was found with ‘Cleopatra’ without significant differences with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’. In fruit quality no significant differences occurred.

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Reação de híbridos somáticos de citros à infecção por Phytophthora nicotianae

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/s0100-29452010005000069 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 429-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meire Menezes Bassan ◽

Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho ◽

Beatriz Madalena Januzzi Mendes ◽

Bruno Forli Schwartz Freire ◽

Tatiana Eugenia Cantuarias-Avilés ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Phytophthora Nicotianae

Este trabalho avaliou a resistência à infecção de tronco e de raízes por Phytophthora nicotianae em híbridos somáticos de citros com potencial para serem utilizados como porta-enxertos. Os híbridos somáticos avaliados foram laranja 'Hamlin' (Citrus sinensis) + toranja 'Indian Red' (Citrus grandis) (plantas 1 e 2) e laranja 'Hamlin' (C. sinensis) + toranja 'Singapura' (C. grandis). Plantas de limão 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia), laranja 'Caipira' (C. sinensis), laranja-azeda (C. aurantium) e Poncirus trifoliata 'Davis A' (Poncirus trifoliata) foram utilizadas como plantas-controle devido à reação conhecida à infecção pelo patógeno. Avaliações realizadas entre 30 e 60 dias após as inoculações com o patógeno incluíram o comprimento das lesões no tronco e a massa seca do sistema radicular nas plantas avaliadas. O híbrido somático laranja 'Hamlin' + toranja 'Indian Red' (planta 1) mostrou-se tolerante a P. nicotianae, indicando potencial para continuidade nas suas avaliações como porta-enxerto para citros.

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Retenção de frutos de laranjeiras de umbigo ‘Monte Parnaso’ em função da aplicação de 2,4-d, ácido giberélico e da anelagem de ramos

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84781999000400012 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 639-644 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gilmar Schäfer ◽

Otto Carlos Koller ◽

Ivar Antônio Sartori

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul

A laranjeira de umbigo ‘Monte Parnaso’ é muito apreciada e cultivada no RS, entretanto, apresenta baixa produtividade, relacionada a uma intensa abcisão de flores e frutos em desenvolvimento. O propósito deste trabalho foi reduzir a queda prematura de frutos e aumentar a produção de laranjeiras de umbigo ‘Monte Parnaso’ (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). O experimento foi realizado no município de Eldorado do Sul, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As plantas estavam com 7 anos de idade, enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata [L.]. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de parcelas subdivididas em esquema fatorial 6 x 3, onde se aplicou os seguintes tratamentos principais: (T1) Testemunha (tratamentos em novembro); (T2) 10ppm de ácido giberélico (AG3) em agosto de 1996 + 10ppm de AG3 em maio de 1997; (T3) 10ppm de AG3 em agosto de 96 + 10ppm de AG3 e 15ppm de ácido 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) em maio de 97; (T4) T3 + 5ppm de AG3 em outubro de 96; (T5) T4 + [0,3% ZnSO4 + 0,15% de MnSO4 e 2% de adubo N-P-K (26-00-26), em outubro de 96]; (T6) T5 + anelagem da casca dos ramos principais, em outubro de 96. Todos esses tratamentos foram combinados com os seguintes subtratamentos, em novembro de 1996: (a) 15ppm de 2,4-D; (b) Anelagem da casca dos ramos principais; (c) 15ppm de 2,4-D + anelagem da casca dos ramos. De dezembro de 96 a agosto de 97, contou-se o número de frutos caídos por planta e, em agosto de 97, foram avaliados o número e o peso dos frutos colhidos. Verificou-se que os tratamentos 4, 5 e 6 diminuíram a abcisão de frutos e aumentaram o peso e o número de frutos produzidos.

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