ESTIMATIVA DA DEMANDA DE ÁGUA DA CULTURA DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR IRRIGADA UTILIZANDO SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO

ESTIMATIVA DA DEMANDA DE ÁGUA DA CULTURA DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR IRRIGADA UTILIZANDO SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO DANIELA ARAÚJO DE OLIVEIRA1; FERNANDO BRAZ TANGERINO HERNANDEZ2; REGIANE DE CARVALHO BISPO3; RICARDO NOGUEIRA GOMES4 E ANTONIO HERIBERTO DE CASTRO TEIXEIRA5 1 Doutoranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Irrigação e Drenagem, UNESP, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 2Professor Titular, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Engenharia Rural e Solos - DEFERS, UNESP, Avenida Brasil Sul, n° 56, Centro, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 3Professora Doutora, Colegiado de Engenharia Agronômica, UNIVASF, Rodovia BR 407, 12 Lote 543, 56300-000, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 4 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Usina Ipê - Pedra Agroindustrial, Rod. General Euclides de Oliveira Figueredo, Km 167 + 871,35 m, 16940-000, Nova Independência, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 5 Professor Externo, Departamento de Recursos Hídricos (PRORH), UFS, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jd. Rosa Elze, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 1 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimar as demandas hídricas da cultura da cana-de-açúcar irrigada pelo sistema pivô central, por meio da aplicação do algoritmo SAFER (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving). O estudo foi realizado em área comercial, no município de Nova Independência - SP, compreendendo a safra de 2020/21. Foram utilizadas imagens dos satélites Landsat 8 e Sentinel 2 e dados agrometeorológicos na estimativa da relação ETa/ETo e evapotranspiração atual (ETa). Os maiores valores de ETa observados foram entre 3,4 e 4,4 mm dia-1, enquanto os maiores valores da relação ETa/ETo foram de 0,7 e 0,8 e, apesar de comportamento similar a trabalhos semelhantes, são menores que os indicados em literatura. Palavras-chave: SAFER, evapotranspiração, pivô central. OLIVEIRA, D. A.; HERNANDEZ, F. B. T.; BISPO, R. C.; GOMES, R. N.; TEIXEIRA, A. H. C. ESTIMATION OF THE WATER DEMAND OF THE IRRIGATED SUGARCANE USING REMOTE SENSING 2 ABSTRACT This work aimed to estimate the water demands of the sugarcane crop irrigated by the central pivot system, through the application of the SAFER (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) algorithm. The study was conducted in a commercial area, in the city of Nova Independência, SP, comprising the 2020/21 harvest. Images from the Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 satellites and agrometeorological data were used to estimate the ETa/ETo ratio and actual evapotranspiration (ETa). The highest values of ETa observed were between 3.4 and 4.4 mm day-1, while the highest values of the ETa/ETo ratio were 0.7 and 0.8, and despite similar behavior to similar works, they are smaller than those indicated in the literature. Keywords: SAFER, evapotranspiration, central pivot.

An Analysis of Sector-Based Water Supply and Demand

This chapter sought to assess sector-based current water use levels in Sanyati catchment, assess a possibility of new ways of managing the catchment water using inter-basin transfer systems, and assess future water demands projection using WEAP model. The study was both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Interviews and observations were the main primary data collection instruments. Findings showed that the main sectors and institutions that utilised water in the catchment were mining, agriculture, manufacturing industry, and local authorities. Local authorities and farming sectors were the major users of water. WEAP model results showed a steady increase in demand for water as a result of both population growth and agricultural activities water demand. The study mapped possible inter-basin transfer routes and recommends water harvesting as part of development and management in Sanyati catchment to address the problem of water shortage.

Czasowa zmienność i przestrzenne zróżnicowanie ewapotranspiracji w zlewni nizinnej rzeki Łasicy

Accurate quantification of evapotranspiration is necessary for understanding the water cycle at a local scale. At catchment scale, evapotranspiration might be approximated using remote sensing data useful in spatialtemporal analyses. In this study, the long-term and seasonal variability of evapotranspiration in the Łasica River catchment in the years 2003–2020 was assessed on the basis of data acquired from the SSEBop project (Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance). Additionally, using the index of precipitation utilization (WWO), the degree of precipitation consumption for the water demands of plants was determined. The highest evapotranspiration occurs in forest areas, slightly lower in marshy belts covered with meadow vegetation, and the lowest in agricultural areas and anthropogenically transformed areas. The spatial differentiation of evapotranspiration is particularly marked during the growing season, from April to October. Mean annual evapotranspiration sum is 403 mm, of which 96% falls on the growing season. Extremely low annual ET sums occurred in 2015 (329 mm), 2019 (342 mm) and 2003 (384 mm), while particularly high – in 2010 (455 mm) and 2013 (447 mm). In dry years, WWO is even 71–77%, while in particularly wet years, WWO is much lower and amounts to 54–58%.

OPTIMAL OPERATION OF MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS IN SERIES: ROSEIRES AND SENNAR CASE STUDY

The Roseires-Sennar Dams System (RSDS) at lower part of Blue Nile River play a vital role in water supply to the irrigation schemes in Sudan. The existing rule curves for this system belong to 1925 and 1966 for Sennar and Roseires reservoirs, respectively. Introduction of new irrigation schemes, approved climate change impacts on Blue Nile River flow and upstream developments in Ethiopia as well as the heightening of the Roseires Dam from elevation 480 to 490 m.a.s.l have shown the RSDS is losing its efficiency in terms of fully supplying the water demands. The literature addresses the simulation of Roseires and Sennar dams, and tries to find the best coordinated rule curves through a limited number of operation rules to find optimal operating rules for reservoirs that minimize the impacts of new developments, water demand growth and climate change on water supply to various demands on Blue Nile River. Such decisions are locally optimal in best condition since they do not consider the storage and carry-over capability of reservoirs that can transfer the non-optimal (locally optimal) decisions to other time steps of planning horizon and creat shortages in other time steps. Therefore, aim of this research is to find optimal coordinating operation rules for Roseires and Sennar dams that through a non-linear multi-period optimization model that considers the conditions of climate change, flow regime and water demand as scenarios. Model is validated by comparison with observed reservoir operation during November 1999 till May 2000. Eighteen scenarios that cover the normal, dry and very dry flow regimes, along with three suggested crop patterns and climate change impact are analyzed. Results shows in normal conditions of flow, crop pattern 2 is the most recommended with more than 11 Billion USD marginal profit and fully supplying the water demand and 1530 GWh energy generation per annum. The coordinated rule curves have a totally different pattern of emptying and filling compared with existing ones. Rule curves change from one flow regime to another, which proves how change in conditions of the system has influence on optimal operation rules. Comparison of marginal profits with crop pattern 2 shows in three inflow conditions of normal, dry and very dry years multi-period optimization model could keep the marginal profits above 11 Billion USD, let’s say, 11,050, 11,056 and 11,042 Billion USD, respectively, which shows the robustness of model in dealing with all conditions and keeping the marginal profits not affected. However, the Roseires rule curves are different in these three condition, while Sennar rules curves are almost the same. Without climate change impact, model can manage to supply the water demands fully in all flow conditions. However, water supply reliability is affected by climate change with all crop patterns. Roseires-Sennar Dams system in a normal year under climate change can produce 10,688 Billion USD marginal profit and 1371 GWh per year energy. It shows that model could manage the system performance so that climate change decrease the marginal profit by 3.27%, while inflow is reduced by 25% and water demands and evaporation increased by 19%. Energy generation under climate change has decreased by 10.5%, which is the most affected sector. Crop pattern 2 and 3 are not suitable for climate change conditions since up to 65% deficit in water supply can happen if very dry year realizing with climate change. In very dry conditions crop pattern 1 is more suitable to be practiced.

Design of a Solar Powered Reverse Osmosis System in Egypt

Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy.

Water Management Balance as a Tool for Analysis of a River Basin with Conflicting Environmental and Navigational Water Demands: An Example of the Warta Mouth National Park, Poland

Allocating finite water resources between different water uses is always a challenging task. Searching for a solution which satisfies the water needs (requirements) of all water users without compromising the water requirements of river ecosystems calls for analyzing different water management options and their expected consequences. Water management balances are usually used for comparison of water resources with the needs of water users. When aquatic and water dependent ecosystems are considered in a similar manner as other users, searching for the optimum water resources allocation, without neglecting requirements of the natural environment, is possible. This paper describes basic modeling assumptions and methodological solutions, which allow for taking into account some tasks related to the protection of aquatic and water dependent ecosystems. The water balance model, developed for a catchment comprising the Warta Mouth National Park, was applied to find out whether supplying adequate amounts of water for conservation (or restoration) of wet meadows and wetland habitats in the area is possible, while still satisfying the demands of other water users.

Resilience of Water Supply in Practice: Experiences from the Frontline

Water Resilience in Practice is co-edited by two experienced water sector professionals and reviews resilience in water supply service delivery in the form of a series of case studies from different economic contexts – ranging from low-income and fragile states to upper-income countries. It documents real experiences and reflects on the initiatives different service providers apply to strengthen resilience in practice. It describes how service providers respond, adapt, innovate and learn on an ongoing basis, and how they endeavour to meet challenges and provide water supply to users equitably and sustainably. In recent years climate resilience in water supply has been a new emerging paradigm. In response it is helpful to document and record some up-to-date experiences, which can be consolidated in one place. However, it is also necessary to recognise the multiple pressures that water resources face, such as: population growth, increased water demands, existing climatic variability as well as climate change. These pressures are having a profound impact on water supply service delivery. In this context service providers and development professionals must take active measures to respond to these risks. This book is primarily addressed to organisations and practitioners involved in planning, designing, managing and financing water supply programmes in urban and rural settings. ISBN: 9781789061611 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789061628 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789061635 (ePub)

Asymmetric Emergence of Low-to-No Snow in the American Cordillera

Societies and ecosystems within and downstream of mountains rely on seasonal snowmelt to satisfy their water demands. Anthropogenic climate change has reduced mountain snowpacks worldwide, altering snowmelt magnitude and timing. Here, the global warming level leading to widespread and persistent mountain snowpack decline, termed low-to-no snow, is estimated for the world's most latitudinally contiguous mountain range, the American Cordillera. We show a combination of dynamical, thermodynamical, and hypsometric factors results in an asymmetric emergence of low-to-no snow conditions within the midlatitudes of the American Cordillera. Low-to-no snow emergence occurs approximately 20 years earlier in the Southern Hemisphere, at a third of the local warming level, and coincides with runoff efficiency declines in both dry and wet years. Prevention of a low-to-no snow future in either hemisphere requires the level of global warming to be held to, at most, +2.5 °C.

Assessment of groundwater utilization in the Bandung-Soreang groundwater basin based on non-domestic water demand planning standards

The need for water in various human activities increases with population, agriculture, and industry. The utilization of surface water is a priority to meet water demands. However, if access to surface water cannot be fulfilled, then the fulfillment of water demands will shift to groundwater. The research was conducted by calculating the standard of water demands for industrial activities based on the ministry of public works and housing standards. The first calculation is carried out by calculating water demand through the industrial land area in the research location and multiplied by the standard of water demand for non-domestic water demands. The second standard water demand calculation is the equivalent percentage of domestic water demands as non-domestic water demands. The first calculation method explains that West Bandung Regency had exceeded the maximum value of the standard water demands. In the second calculation method, Cimahi City, Sumedang Regency, and West Bandung Regency had exceeded the maximum value of water demand standards. Further research is needed regarding the collecting data of distribution and volume of groundwater utilization by unregistered wells. It is to explain actual groundwater utilization for domestic and non-domestic in Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin. So that water resources management can be carried out comprehensively.

Evaluation and development planning for clean water supply system of Sanih Fountain in Buleleng regency

The rising population and economic activity have induced an increase in the demand for clean water in Buleleng Regency, especially in Sawan, Kubutambahan, and Tejakula District, respectively. The distribution of clean water supply is carried out through house connections and public hydrant by the Water Supply Company of Buleleng Regency with service coverage only reaching 40.09% in 2018. So it is necessary to evaluate and develop plans for the existing clean water supply system to increase service coverage. The evaluation of the water supply system includes an analysis of the availability and demand of clean water based on the population, with a projection for the next 25 years. Analysis of the clean water supply system development plan considers the availability of water resources potential. The evaluation results show that the existing system has not met the water demands in the service area. The development plan carried out to fulfill the demand for clean water is by optimizing the discharge of the Sanih Fountain by 125 liters/second and the construction of the Bungkulan 2 well.