Use of Flying Dragon Trifoliate Orange As Dwarfing Rootstock for Citrus Under Tropical Climatic Conditions

Citrus fruit trees grown under tropical climatic conditions have a high level of vigor and, consequently, late fruit-bearing and low productivity. The use of Flying Dragon trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T.Itô) Swing.] (FD) rootstock could overcome these negative effects by inducing small trees with early production. Trials including eight commercial cultivars began in Dec. 1992 on an irrigated plot on the main island of New Caledonia (South Pacific). Growth of the trees was observed over a 13-year period through twice-yearly measurements of tree height, canopy between and in the rows, and trunk diameter. Fruit production was recorded beginning 2 years after planting. According to the climatic and pedological conditions of the experimental site, trees grafted on FD could, depending on cultivar, be planted in densities from 519 to 1111 trees/ha. Over the 13 years, yields were 0.5 to 2.8 times greater than those of the same cultivar on the standard rootstock. ‘Tahiti’ lime cumulative planting and maintenance costs were only 1.5 times higher for a density five times as great, and the level of productivity per hectare (gross margin/ha) was 3.3 times that of traditional orchards. Grafting citrus cultivars on FD, which is seldom used in the Mediterranean zone as a result of its excessive dwarfing effect in relation with the climatic conditions, could prove, on the other hand, promising in tropical areas.

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Reducing Flowering with Gibberellins to Increase Fruit Size in Stone Fruit Trees: Applications And Implications in Fruit Production

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.10.4.744 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 744-751 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Stephen M. Southwick ◽

Kitren Glozer

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Prunus Armeniaca ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Floral Buds

Many commercially grown stone fruit including apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.), peaches and nectarines [P. persica (L.) Batsch], plums (P. salicina Lindl., P. domestica L.), prunes (P. domestica L.), and pluots (P. salicina × P. armeniaca) have a tendency to produce high numbers of flowers. These flowers often set and produce more fruit than trees can adequately size to meet market standards. When excessive fruit set occurs, removal of fruit by hand thinning is necessary in most Prunus L. species to ensure that remaining fruit attain marketable size and reduce biennial bearing. Over the years there have been numerous attempts to find chemical or physical techniques that would help to reduce the costs associated with and improve efficiencies of hand thinning, however, alternate strategies to hand thinning have not been widely adopted for stone fruit production. In the past 10 years, several chemical treatments have shown promise for reducing hand thinning needs in stone fruit. Management of flowering by chemically reducing the number of flowers has been particularly promising on stone fruit in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California. Gibberellins (GAs) applied during May through July, have reduced flowering in the following season in many stone fruit cultivars without affecting percentage of flowers producing fruit. As a result, fruit numbers are reduced, the need for hand thinning is reduced and in some cases eliminated, and better quality fruit are produced. There are risks associated with reducing flower number before climatic conditions during bloom or final fruit set are known. However, given the changes in labor costs and market demands, the benefits may outweigh the risks. This paper reviews relevant literature on thinning of stone fruit by gibberellins, and summarizes research reports of fruit thinning with GAs conducted between 1987 and the present in California. The term thin or chemically thin with regard to the action of GA on floral buds is used in this paper, consistent with the literature, although the authors recognize that the action of GA is primarily to inhibit the initiation of floral apices, rather than reduce the number of preformed flowers. At relatively high concentrations, GA may also kill floral buds. Chemical names used: gibberellic acid, potassium gibberellate.

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Effect of 'Gutingen V' as an intensive training system on agromorphological characters of some apple cultivars in Karaj region of Iran

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr1002331d ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 331-338 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ahmad Dadashpour ◽

Alireza Talaei ◽

Ali Shahi-Gharahlar

Keyword(s):

Irrigation System ◽

Tree Height ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Training System ◽

Research Station ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Intensive Training ◽

Apple Cultivars

V-shape systems represent an efficient and popular option to increase yields and fruit quality in fruit trees. Hence, this paper attempts to compare some vegetative and yield characteristics of five apple cultivars grown at horticultural research station in Karaj, Iran. The selected apple cultivars were included: 'Golab-kohans' (Iranian cultivar), 'Fuji', 'Gala', 'Starking' and 'Delbar estival' (commercial foreign cultivars) that were grafted on M.9 rootstock which were trained in a V system. All of these trees were planted in winter 2005. The time of irrigation started from the second experimental year after planting and the method of irrigation was drip irrigation system. Results showed that the 'Golab-kohans' had the most tree height (278.63 cm), trunk cross sectional area (7.308 cm2) and mean shoot length (100.58 cm). Also 'Delbar estival' had the most yield (0.98 kg), yield efficiency (0.550 kg/cm2). Consistently, Results revealed that among the investigated cultivars, 'Delbar estival' can be introduced as a prone and productive cultivar for V system in Karaj's climatic conditions.

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240 Fruit Removal Effects on Growth and Carbon Allocation in Young Citrus Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.483d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 483D-483

Author(s):

J.J. Ferguson ◽

K.E. Koch ◽

T.B. Huang

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Carbon Allocation ◽

Tree Height ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Fruit Removal ◽

Carbon Cost ◽

Water Demands ◽

Root Stock ◽

Bare Root

Fruit were removed 8, 16, and 24 weeks after peak bloom from 3- and 4-year-old, `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees on `Carrizo' citrange root-stock [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck ×Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], planted as bare root or containerized trees, to determine if fruit removal enhanced vegetative growth. Bare-root trees had a greater stem diameter and tree height than containerized trees at planting and after years 3 and 4. Fruit of bare-root trees had lower fresh and dry weights, refixed less of their respiratory CO2 during development, and lost water less rapidly after harvest. In addition, fruit removal treatments did not increase growth of either bare-root or containerized trees relative to trees from which no fruit had been removed. In fact, tree diameters were slightly higher when fruit were not harvested. Carbon cost of fruit production may have been countered by other factors under field conditions, such as known enhancement of photosynthetic rates by fruit load and/or diurnal contributions by fruit to leaf water demands.

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Freezing Tolerance and Growth Characteristics of USDA Intergeneric Citrus Hybrids US 119 and Selection 17-11

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.4.744 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 744-748

Author(s):

Milton E. Tignor ◽

Frederick S. Davies ◽

Wayne B. Sherman

Keyword(s):

Freezing Tolerance ◽

Leaf Disc ◽

Tree Height ◽

Intergeneric Hybrid ◽

Growth Characteristics ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Satsuma Mandarin ◽

Citrus Hybrids

Two USDA intergeneric, hybrid citrus scions, US 119 {[Citrus paradisi Mac. `Duncan' × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] × C. sinensis Osb. `Succory'} and selection 17-11 {C. grandis US 145 × [Citrus paradisi Mac. `Duncan' × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.]} on `Swingle' citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) rootstocks were examined for freeze hardiness traits (4 years) and general growth characteristics (2 years). Hardiness was compared with that of `Hamlin' orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] and satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc) from Fall 1993 to Spring 1997. As expected, US 119 and 17-11 were both hardier than `Hamlin' orange as determined by leaf disc electrolyte leakage (EL). Both showed freezing tolerance similar to that of satsuma mandarin, but 17-11 was significantly hardier than satsuma or US 119 at several times during the 4-year study. Trunk diameter and tree height were similar for US 119 and selection 17-11.

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Microsprinkler Irrigation of Young `Redblush' Grapefruit Trees Using Reclaimed Water

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.28.12.1157 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (12) ◽

pp. 1157-1161 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Michael A. Maurer ◽

Frederick S. Davies

Keyword(s):

Sewage Treatment ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Sewage Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Tree Height ◽

Fine Sand ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Irrigation Levels

Two field studies conducted from 1990 to 1991 evaluated the effects of reclaimed water on growth and development of 1- and 2-year-old `Redblush' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on Swingle citrumelo [Citrus paradisi (L.) Osb. ×Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock. Treatments were arranged as a3 (water sources) x 3 (irrigation levels) factorial at two locations on an Arredondo (well drained) and Kanapaha (poorly drained) fine sand near Gainesville, Fla. Irrigation treatments included 1) reclaimed water, 2) reclaimed water plus fertigation, and 3) well water plus fertigation. The reclaimed water was formulated to simulate that of a sewage treatment plant at Vero Beach, Fla. Irrigation was applied at 20% soil moisture depletion, or at 19 or 25 mm·week regardless of rainfall. In both experiments, visual ratings of tree vigor, and measured tree height and trunk diameter, were significantly lower for trees watered with reclaimed water without fertilizer than for the others in both years. Moreover, there was no fourth leaf flush in 1991 with reclaimed water. There was a significant increase in leaf Na, Cl, and B concentrations for the reclaimed water and reclaimed water plus fertigation treatments in 1990; however, in 1991 only leaf B concentrations showed a similar trend. In 1991, there were no significant differences in leaf Cl concentrations. Visual symptoms of N deficiency were observed by the end of the first season in trees grown with reclaimed water. Irrigation levels generallv did not affect tree growth.

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Genomic, Morphological and Biological Traits of the Viruses Infecting Major Fruit Trees

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11060515 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 515 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Muhammad Umer ◽

Jiwen Liu ◽

Huafeng You ◽

Chuan Xu ◽

Kaili Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citrus Fruit ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Cross Infection ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Biological Traits ◽

Virus Species ◽

Pome Fruit ◽

Wide Range ◽

Yield Quality

Banana trees, citrus fruit trees, pome fruit trees, grapevines, mango trees, and stone fruit trees are major fruit trees cultured worldwide and correspond to nearly 90% of the global production of woody fruit trees. In light of the above, the present manuscript summarizes the viruses that infect the major fruit trees, including their taxonomy and morphology, and highlights selected viruses that significantly affect fruit production, including their genomic and biological features. The results showed that a total of 163 viruses, belonging to 45 genera classified into 23 families have been reported to infect the major woody fruit trees. It is clear that there is higher accumulation of viruses in grapevine (80/163) compared to the other fruit trees (each corresponding to less than 35/163), while only one virus species has been reported infecting mango. Most of the viruses (over 70%) infecting woody fruit trees are positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA), and the remainder belong to the -ssRNA, ssRNA-RT, dsRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA-RT groups (each corresponding to less than 8%). Most of the viruses are icosahedral or isometric (79/163), and their diameter ranges from 16 to 80 nm with the majority being 25–30 nm. Cross-infection has occurred in a high frequency among pome and stone fruit trees, whereas no or little cross-infection has occurred among banana, citrus and grapevine. The viruses infecting woody fruit trees are mostly transmitted by vegetative propagation, grafting, and root grafting in orchards and are usually vectored by mealybug, soft scale, aphids, mites or thrips. These viruses cause adverse effects in their fruit tree hosts, inducing a wide range of symptoms and significant damage, such as reduced yield, quality, vigor and longevity.

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Effect of seventeen rootstocks on young ‘Valência’ sweet orange performance in western Santa Catarina, Brazil

Agriscientia ◽

10.31047/1668.298x.v38.n1.27977 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Eduardo Cesar Brugnara ◽

Rafael Roveri Sabião

Keyword(s):

San Diego ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Tree Height ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Projection Area ◽

Subtropical Climate ◽

Trifoliate Orange ◽

Santa Catarina ◽

Rangpur Lime ◽

Standard Management

Recommendations of rootstocks for ‘Valência’ sweet orange in southern Brazil have been partially based on empirical observations or information. Therefore, this study compared young ‘Valência’ trees budded on different rootstocks in western Santa Catarina, Brazil. Seventeen rootstocks were tested for growth (tree height and canopy projection area and volume) and fruit production (per tree, hectare, m² and m³ of canopy). The experiment comprised four replicates of three trees and was carried during six years under standard management, in a Cfa (humid subtropical) climate. In general, larger trees produced more fruit. However, ‘San Diego’ citrandarin, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘Cravo’ rangpur lime (among vigorous rootstocks), ‘Cravo’ x ‘Sunki’ EEI hybrid, ‘Fepagro C37 Dorneles’ citrange, ‘Rubidoux’ trifoliate orange (among medium vigorous rootstocks), ‘HFD25 EEI’ hybrid and ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate orange (among less vigorous rootstocks) stood out in cumulated production by area or volume of the canopy. ‘San Diego’ also stood out in production per tree. Cultivars ‘Cravo’ x ‘Sunki’ EEI, ‘San Diego’, and ‘HFD25 EEI’ should be further evaluated regarding disease susceptibility and fruit quality for possible release.

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Variation of the Nuclear DNA Content of Species of Subtribe Citrinae (Rutaceae)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.7.1247 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 1247-1250 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mukadder Kayum ◽

N. Kemal Koç ◽

Veli-Matti Rokka

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Diploid Species ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Fruit Tree ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Severinia Buxifolia

Laser flow cytometry was used to analyze nuclear DNA contents (2C values) of five genera (Severinia Ten., Atalantia Corrèa, Fortunella Swing., Poncirus Raf., and Citrus L.) taxonomically grouped in subtribe Citrinae (citrus fruit trees) of the Rutaceae. The genotypes analyzed had 2C values ranging from 0.67 pg for diploid Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Ten. to 1.27 pg for tetraploid Hongkong Fortunella hindsii Swing. There was no significant difference in the 2C values within the sexually compatible diploid species of 11 “true citrus fruit trees” [Citrus aurantium L., C. grandis (L.) Osbeck, C. limon (L.) Burm. f., C. limonia Osbeck, C. paradisi Macf., C. reshni Hort. ex Tanaka, C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck, C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq., Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., and the intergeneric hybrid C. sinensis × P. trifoliata]. The species Atalantia ceylanica (Arn.) Oliv. (a “near-citrus fruit tree”), sexually incompatible with Citrus spp., had a 2C value significantly different from those of the true citrus fruit tree species. The 2C value of Severinia buxifolia (a “primitive citrus fruit tree”), another species sexually incompatible with the Citrus spp., also differed from those of some of the true citrus fruit tree species. The data largely corresponds with taxonomical differences between a) the genera Citrus and Poncirus and b) the genera Severinia and Atalantia, all assigned to subtribe Citrinae.

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Tolerance of Citrus Rootstocks to Preemergence Herbicides

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-2.3.73 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 73-77

Author(s):

Megh Singh ◽

Nagi R. Achhireddy

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Trifoliate Orange ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Carrizo Citrange ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Preemergence Herbicides ◽

Swingle Citrumelo

Seven preemergence herbicides, Lasso (alachlor), Surflan (oryzalin), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Goal (oxyfluorfen), Treflan (trifluralin), and Ronstar (oxadiazon) all at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 and 2.0 lb/A) were evaluated for weed control and phytotoxicity to Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and Swingle citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macf.] citrus rootstock seedling. Goal (oxyflurofen) was most effective in controlling weeds, but was also phytotoxic to all 3 rootstocks. Surflan (oryzalin) provided satisfactory weed control (about 70%) without any phytotoxicity to citrus rootstocks but Lasso (alachlor) and Devrinol (napropamide) did not effectively control the weeds. Carrizo citrange was most susceptible to Goal (oxyfluorfen), while Swingle citrumelo was more sensitive to Treflan (trifluralin) and Ronstar (oxadiazon). Trifoliate orange was intermediate in tolerance to all herbicides. Some herbicide treatments reduced the plant height but not the trunk diameter of Carrizo citrange and Swingle citrumelo. Trunk diameter of Trifoliate orange was significantly reduced by herbicide treatments, but was unaffected in Carrizo citrange and Swingle citrumelo.

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Field performance of "marsh seedless" grapefruit on trifoliate orange inoculated with viroids in Brazil

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162007000600004 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 582-588 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eduardo Sanches Stuchi ◽

Simone Rodrigues da Silva ◽

Luiz Carlos Donadio ◽

Otávio Ricardo Sempionato ◽

Eduardo Toller Reiff

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Tree Growth ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Field Performance ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Trifoliate Orange ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Stunt Viroid ◽

Hop Stunt Viroid

Some viroids reduce citrus tree growth and may be used for tree size control aiming the establishment of orchards with close tree spacing that may provide higher productivity than conventional ones. To study the effects of citrus viroids inoculation on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) grafted on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], an experiment was set up in January 1991, in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments with two plants per plot: viroid isolates Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd) + Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and controls: two healthy buds (control), and no grafting (absolute control). Inoculation was done in the field, six months after planting by bud grafting. Both isolates reduced tree growth (trunk diameter, plant height, canopy diameter and volume). Trees not inoculated yielded better (average of eleven harvests) than inoculated ones but the productivity was the same after 150 months. Fruit quality was affected by viroids inoculation but not in a restrictive way. The use of such severe dwarfing isolates for high density plantings of grapefruit on trifoliate orange rootstock is not recommended.

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